Cell Phone Hazards

One of the most popular innovations in automotive travel in the past decade has nothing to do with the automobile itself, the people who drive them, or the roads over which they operate. Rather, it is the ability to carry on telephone conversations while driving. In today’s society, our technology is more advanced than ever before. Text messaging, like most modern technological devices, has its benefits and drawbacks. One of the most dangerous drawbacks is when people combine text messaging with driving in an automobile. In our society, we’ve all become attached to our cell phones. Cell phones make our lives easier in many ways. For instance, we can check our email, receive phone calls, send text messages, listen to music, and take pictures, all at our fingertips. With this convenience comes a dangerous side to cell phones, and that is when we use them while driving. From the business standpoint, the cell phone may be used to conduct meetings, trade with other businesses, or to exchange vital information. Today’s American culture relies heavily on the use of cell phones. The recent growth of cellular telephone usage is a phenomenon that defies all gender, racial, and age boundaries. Cell phones are more than just the latest electronic gadgets on the market, and in turn may pose hazardous driving conditions when used at inappropriate times. There is danger involved for people who use their cell phones while driving and it is a problem that must be addressed. Over the last few years, many tests have been run to gather statistics and hard evidence on the dangers of talking on a cell phone while driving. One of the major causes of automobile collisions is due to the driver being distracted by something. When someone is really busy or has multiple things to do when behind the wheel, they tend to multi task. They drink coffee, eat, put on make up, text, or talk on their phones while driving. These people are classified as distracted drivers. When driving, it is imperative to be able to look, process information, and react quickly in order to drive safely. According to an article published by the Jackson Advocate, â€Å"talking on a cell phone while driving can make a young drivers reaction time as slow as that of a 70- year old† (Thomas, 22). Young people often complain about older drivers and call them a hazard. Taking into consideration that their cell phone habits makes them equally dangerous, they are being rather hypocritical. Using cell phones distracts drivers, and people have been known to miss turns, run red lights, and even drive off the road when distracted by the text message conversations. For example drivers on the highway that text-message and drive often swerve around the lanes unintentionally. Those who do it on public roads potentially increasing their odds of running traffic lights and signs which leads to jeopardizing others lives. When drivers multi -ask, their attention is being switched between speaking, listening and seeing what is on the road ahead of them. There is substantial evidence that one’s brain cannot process all this information at one time, and pay attention to driving at the same rate that undistracted driver would. A study done by Medical News Today journal, last updated on March 6, 2008, stated that â€Å"there is a 37% decrease in activity in the part of the brain we use to process information and visual signals, which is essential for driving† (Paddock). When using our phones while driving, we become distracted and thus our brains cannot process all the information being accepted at the same time. Drivers are increasing their chances of being in a car accident and placing others lives in danger when talking or sending text-messages while driving. Many of us would agree that using a phone while driving is not worth the risk of ending an innocent life. Driving, while using your phone, is at least as dangerous as drinking and driving. There is a possibility of running someone over or crashing into another vehicle. According to a study by the New England Journal of Medicine, â€Å"at least 1.6 million traffic accidents, which is 28% of all crashes in the United States, are caused by drivers talking or sending messages on their cell phones† (Ship, 22). Putting another’s life at risk is not worth that phone call or replying to that text-message; it can and should wait. Moreover, the cell phone has evolved into an essential tool in everyday life and there are some advantages affiliated with using it. One advantage of having cell phones is that you have access to assistance in emergency situations. For instance, if your car gets stalled on the side of the road, you can use your cell phone to obtain help. But sometimes, with cell phones in many peoples’ hands, we essentially feel as if big brother is watching. If we, as drivers, do anything wrong, someone is going to use their cell phone to call the police. But this should actually be an encouragement for us. With cell phones available at hand, it is definitely a relief to be able to immediately report something that seems unusual or may cause a threat to society or to us. It is important to note that the majority of people who use their cell phones while driving are actually business owners. They use their phones to conduct trade between other businesses, to communicate between employees and other co-workers, and to receive significant information regarding their business everyday. However, according to Wired. com, new findings show that â€Å"having important conversations while driving is not good for the health of a business. It is actually harder to remember information transmitted when driving† (Bower). Even though people are busy and claim to need the time in their car to work, talking on a cell phone while driving is dangerous and ought to be banned. Talking on a cell phone, even when using a hands free device, distracts the driver and makes them a hazard to themselves and others on the road. Some claim that government should not be able to legislate against peoples freedom as United States Citizens should be afforded the right to use cell phones where and when they wish. Although people’s freedoms and rights are important, and are protected under the United States Constitution, people’s individual rights should not outweigh the need for the government to regulate a safe environment. Instead they should regulate when and where cell phones may be permitted. The cell phone has brought with it many conveniences and luxuries. It has definitely made communication much easier. However, when it comes to road safety, the cell phone may be considered a hazard. This is especially true after Short Message Service (text- messaging) was introduced. Unfortunately, the service is so convenient that some people even compose and send text messages anytime and anywhere – while walking, eating, and even while driving. The growing number of accidents caused while texting and driving has made driving conditions dangerous to other drivers out on the road. Driving is an activity that requires full concentration and composing, reading, and sending text messages will compromise a driver's concentration. According to the American Health Association, â€Å"in 2008, approximately 1 in 6 fatal vehicle collisions were caused from a driver being distracted while driving† (Wilson ). When a driver is using their phone while driving, their minds are focused on the message they are reading or composing, rather than on paying close attention to the street. This, of course, prevents the driver from thinking quickly and compromises their reflexes. Chances are, drivers will not be able to react quickly to a situation on the road because their brains cannot handle processing all different types of information sufficiently at one time. The government should pass laws in every state not just in selected ones that ban the use of cell phones while driving to prevent fatal collisions. Cell phones are a life-threatening means of communication while driving. Despite the urgency of any text message, the dangers of texting while driving should be more than enough reason to put off texting.

How does Homer make Essay

The scene with Charybdis and Scylla is one of the best depicted scenes in the whole Odyssey, aiming not to build tension into the readers but to scary or even terrify them. Actually, the whole story does not begin when Odysseus faces the danger but a bit earlier. When Circe tells him what to kind of monster he will meet, this anticipates us to get ready for real horror and builds up the tension as they are sailing. But when the Trojan heroes reach the place the horror is even bigger than what we are ready for. Only the first sentence contains more than enough to see the high seriousness of the situation. Odysseus’ men are â€Å"wailing in terror† i. e. all the braveness and manhood are gone and they look more like women or babies. But all this seems to be quite logical when we read the effective description of Charybdis that Homer uses. Adjectives such as â€Å"awesome†, â€Å"fearful† and â€Å"dreadful† gives the reader the impression that the ship is doomed to disappear forever. Moreover, Charybdis does not just throw away the water but it â€Å"vomits it† and it â€Å"rains down† – verbs showing how massive and powerful the whirlpool is. The simile with â€Å"a cauldron† is not long or detailed, but actually it gives the best possible image of what danger Odysseus and his men are. If they get even one inch closer probably all will be boiled. What completes the picture is the fearful sound Homer includes â€Å"the rocks re-echoed to her fearful roar† – Charybdis resembles a lion ready to swallow everything on his way. Once again the reaction of Odysseus’ men draws an exact image of the terror – â€Å"my men turned pale† – helpless fearing for their lifes, afraid to move or say a word. Thus frozen, now Odysseus’ men face even a bigger surprise and terror with Scylla having grabbed 6 of them. The unexpected change throws the reader in even greater tension, but what is worse is that Odysseus loses his â€Å"strongest men†. Now Homer draws us into one sense – helplessness. First the description of Scylla is skillfully made to show how doomed is the whole situation – she â€Å"snatched† and â€Å"whisked† Odysseus’ comrades while they are â€Å"dangling† in the air. The choice of words is not random, but aims to build up senses of power and violence on the one side and fear and death on the other. Once again Homer uses sounds but this time in a different way. The â€Å"dangling† men are calling Odysseus, who he can’t do anything but standing and looking at them. Just a silent witness. Homer uses a precise simile to draw the way in which Scylla swallows the men. She is like an â€Å"angler† and they are like fish -description that crates the feeling that the sailors are small and insignificant and this is the natural order: the angler must catch his dinner. The reader by now feels more than pity but Homer goes on showing us how the â€Å"little fishes† are suffering and â€Å"struggling† and â€Å"shrieking† in â€Å"desperate throes†, all of this action looking worthless but showing will for life, life that they will lose very soon. Odysseus is sad for his men and admits that he has never seen â€Å"a more pitiable sight†. That makes even bigger impression knowing about Odysseus meetings with the Cyclops, the Laestrygonians, the Sirens etc. He has endured much and seen even more but that is the only moment he feels so helpless, useless and wordless.

AGU statement and impressions about it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AGU statement and impressions about it - Essay Example The Earth’s population has been growing consistently over time, and this has therefore resulted to the increase in human activities causing climate change. These human activities could include factors such as emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), nitrogen, and changes in the use of land and land cover among others. These human activities influence climatic changes and it is therefore beyond doubt that they will always continue to be of great concern in the future. In addition to the human-caused climatic changes, other natural activities have also led to the alteration of the climatic conditions. However, the relative role that these natural or human activities play towards altering the ocean circulation features and the atmospheric conditions still remains uncertain. The AGU statement points out that â€Å"climate models have predicted the rise in global temperatures† due to gas emissions (2000). However, quite unfortunately, the Climate models are usually incapable of providing skillful likelihoods of the climatic changes. For this reason, the AGU’s statement is quite misleading when it identifies that factors such as increased amounts of high temperature, experience of high water in the coastal regions, and precipitation, which are harmful to the society, are projected to increase. In addition, the summer arctic sea ice extent, has significantly been wrongfully predicted by the statement, whereas the concept of the increase in the summer Antarctic sea ice extent, has also been neglected by the AGU statement. In addition, the specific attribution of adverse weather conditions as a result of over-time climatic changes is yet to be shown and it could even be more likely impossible that it would be shown. Unfortunately, This Statemen t does not adequately give a clear summary of issues affecting the changes in climatic conditions, and therefore, the statement does not represent an effective policy framework that

Advice to student about buying a house Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Advice to student about buying a house - Article Example According to Mr. Buffetts principle, the more people fear home ownership, the closer the investment comes to perfection. Although around 30% to 50% of current mortgages have sunk in the recent years in the U.S. market, recent weeks have seen good terms of investment which means that the market is not extremely on the negative side. Besides, housing prices have been on the rise tremendously with Case-Shiller Index rising by 2.2% in more than 20 urban cities such as Atlanta, Chicago, San Francisco and Minneapolis. This increase has been on the rising trend which makes renting not a better alternative. Buy a house when you are fully prepared to settle down in one place. The housing market is very volatile. Prices rise and fall within few years or even months. Buying a house when you have not decided to stay for long exposes one to transactions of buying and selling and thus the risk of losing more money during reselling. Another problem is capital gain tax which will be required of you if you sell the house at a profit. This indicates that either way, it is a loss-loss situation. Buying a house is feared by many people because of mortgage charges. However, proper analysis of renting a house reveals other underlying costs in renting a house as opposed to buying a house. Buying a house is a good investment when done

Questions on Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Questions on Investment - Essay Example With the combination of these securities in the portfolio investors can minimize their risk without sacrificing their expected return. Ans 1b In table 1, we can see correlation coefficients of five different funds, if we want to invest in any of the two funds in the portfolio with minimum risk. For example Aviva Property and HSBC Asian Growth with correlation coefficient 0.10 can minimize the risk without sacrificing any of their expected return. In such a combination of these funds the risk will be diversified effectively without decreasing the level of expected return whatsoever. Ans 1c We have a portfolio of two funds, Aviva property and HSBC Asian Growth. We have also combined other funds and analyzed their risk exposure and found that their portfolio has minimum levels of risk. This investor is investing 50% of the cash in both the funds minimizing its risk without change in the expected return. Aviva property has risk of 2.3% with negative return while HSBC shows 6.5% risk with a good level of return. If investors will invests separately in these funds, the risk will be more but in other combinations the risk will also be greater. Ans 1d i) As shown in figure 1, the curved line denoted with (a) is referred to as Efficient frontier while the straight line denoted by b is referred to as capital market line. The other points mentioned in the figure are, D which is the risk free rate and C is the market portfolio. ii) When an investor has a portfolio at point E as shown in figure 1, where return is also decreasing but not that much with the risk. Every investor wants to hold the C point where only market risk is to be faced, but all the other risks are diversified and at point E the risk associated with the portfolio is high but both systematic and unsystematic risk are in its way. Only unsystematic risk is diversifiable but other risks can also be shown at beta. iii) Every investor tries to reduce the risk associated with its portfolio. If the investor is wi lling to accept 10% of risk as shown in figure 1 it is difficult to get good results. As the risk is high and return is also high, this position becomes more sensitive to the market fluctuations. At this position a slight change in the market will affect the portfolio more. Investors can go for the risk free return but it is usually unrealistic as allowances for the differences in borrowing makes the model more complicated. Ans 2a In US-style option, the buyer has the right to exercise at any time before the expiry of the option and counterparty must follow in the part of the buyer of option for execution. Counterparty doesn’t have any right to deny the execution of the option before the expiry of the risk associated with the counterparty. The reason for counterparty risk is basically due to the credit risk of the option writer (Klein and Yang 2010, p.1) Ans 2b The biggest advantage of using options contracts is that it gives stability and security to the investors and the tr aders. This makes them contribute more in the market operations and also greatly contribute to the economy. It reduces the risks involved and also increase investors confidence thus they buy more options the agents sells. Since unsystematic risk is normally unverifiable, the risk occurs due to external factors which are unpredictable. In order to minimize

Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Advertising - Essay Example Goods and services offered to the public can be introduced or promoted. This can help business enterprises to increase sales, maximize profits, inform society, and build the image of goods and services, among many other advantages. Promotion of goods and services through advertisement makes consumers to be aware of specific products or services in the market. Information is important to consumers especially regarding to brand name, price, manufactures, trade mark and any other key details. These enhances making of right choices by consumers when buying a commodity or service. Today’s world is competitive and selling commodities or services is a challenge without effective advertising. The target audience is normally the focus when planning for and advertisement. The effectiveness of an advertisement therefore depends on the method used to reach the target audience. Creativity is very important when designing for an advertisement. Originality, artistic, attractiveness, are some of the attributes a good advertisement should posses. It’s said that what people see or hear captures their psyche and this leads to preferences change. When advertisement is done on a regular basis, higher demand for goods and services is generated which by extension demands for equivalent supply of the goods or services demanded. Demand and supply dynamics should be monitored carefully, so that they remain at equilibrium always. Promotion is found in nearly all places imaginable and where one least expects it.   Some advertisements are very conspicuous and divergent, while others may be faint but the human eye tends to take notice of them. Costs of promoting goods and services are more often than not catered for by sponsors who use various traditional media initially identified such as use of newspapers, magazines, television commercials, radio advertisements, outdoor advertising, direct mail or new media such as blogs,

Public Law - Ministerial Responsibilty and Coalition Governments Essay

Public Law - Ministerial Responsibilty and Coalition Governments - Essay Example ? Sociologists believe that this political phenomenon in most states in Britain could also happen in Westminster as officials have introduced â€Å"a semi-proportional electoral system which, it argued, would entail frequent, if not permanent, coalition† although electoral reform seems near to nil. 2 Anent to this phenomena is the recent move of the British parliament to publish a Cabinet Manual that will contain a collection of statutes, court judgments and treaties which they considered as â€Å"first ever written legal convention and precedent on how UK is run†Ã¢â‚¬â€an attempt toward codification. These developments in the political arena must be scrutinized by electorates to be abreast with government official’s plans. It is also in this context that we will explore issues relating to workability of coalition of government viz-a-viz its ministerial duties as well as the proposed codification of conventions, which is largely perceived as unnecessary. 1. Coal ition Government: Workable? That question has been raised by a British columnist at the height of electoral controversies in 2010. It seems that the question remained unsettled since hodge-podge of discourse revived the theme as election nears again. But what is a coalition government? Why does it attempt to question the competence and capacity of the single party’s governance especially in matters that relate to fairness and representation? 3 Coalition government is a composition of several political parties cooperating to â€Å"govern a country or a region.† 4 It removes an elite unitary system of political decision-makings and allowed democratization of political discourse by tolerating convergence and intra-party agreements. It is often a structural consequence whenever there are economic problems, unpeace, and political events such as merging of political parties during election. Practically, coalition government permeates sharing of executive powers and therefore changes the paradigms; broadens political party behaviors; widen operational methods in governance including internal rules of political engagements within the administration. 5 But these changes are neither worrisome nor irrelevant because all countries worldwide evolved from monarchical or unitary toward two or multi-party coalitions to democratize governance. 6 Nousiainen and Blondel (1993) have once asserted that â€Å"coalitions can be more or less extreme, more or less ideologically diverse, and composed of partners who are more or less equal.† The system espoused collective cabinet responsibility and legislated policies are credited to the government. 7 Policies will therefore be attributed to the government collectively and they expect stringent legislative discipline, unless they’d agree to exercise freely their respective votes during decision-making. Last year, UK officials formed a coalition  government after serious discussions between the Conservative Party  and the  Liberal Democrats. 8 Observers however thought that this coalition politics have â€Å"focused so much on selection instead of accountability† perceiving that its political survival is considerably dependent from electoral process. 9 Political critics argued that government coalition, for it to be workable, should be built on trust. Some political shenanigans however bared experiences of alleged serial infidelity of Liberal Democrats, hence it is likely that government will be riddled with mutual

How Far do they Critically Place the Issue of Marginalization and the Essay

How Far do they Critically Place the Issue of Marginalization and the Concept of Habitus and do the Examples Try to Universalize these Concepts - Essay Example In Uma Kothari's Power, Knowledge and Social Control in Participatory Development, she delves into the Foucaultian world of participatory power-play and limits of social-power and how the pattern of judgment and punishment becomes a strategic weapon that is supported by a said and unsaid network of sign systems everywhere. She begins by quoting Foucault and argues how the processes of canonization affect those individuals and who are often marginalized by their separation and isolation from the production of knowledge and the formulation of policies and practices, to be included in decisions that affect their lives. She focuses on participatory techniques as methods of knowledge accumulation and attempts to unravel the sorts of power that are reproduced at the micro-level through the use of these approaches, and how participants and participatory development practitioners are themselves conduits of power. The arguments she presents presented are how participatory development can enco urage a reassertion of control and power by dominant individuals and groups, that it can lead to the reification of social norms through self-surveillance and consensus-building, and that it 'purifies' knowledge and the spaces of participation through the codification, classification, and control of information, and its analysis and (re)presentation. The chapter also explores the limitations of participation in terms of how it demands certain kinds of performances to be enacted. It is suggested here that individuals and groups can and do subvert the methodology and, in doing so, gain control by shaping the form of their participation through their 'performances' on the PRA stage and in their selection of the information they conceal or choose to disclose. Kothari shows that an individual's behavior, actions, and perceptions are all shaped by the power embedded and embodied within society, something which Friedmann will call habitus. But, whereas, Friedmann offers a more detailed analysis of transnational migration and the corresponding effects on the loci of the migrants and the lands they are migrating to, Kothari tries to chart out the power structure of individuals and groups that are often selected for participation because of their disadvantaged position vis--vis, for example, their access to resources and services, or their control over decision-making. She upholds Foucault's idea that all individuals are most certainly affected by macro-structures of inequality (such as gender, ethnicity, class), and that even when individuals think that they are most free, they are in fact in the grip of more insidious forms of power, which operate not solely through direct forms of repression but often through less visible strategies of norm alization (Foucault 1977, 1980). Power is cappilary and difficult to locate as it runs through notions and practices, can be enacted by individuals who may even be opposed to it, and localized through its expression in everyday practices - through, for example, self-surveillance.

Big Data, Big Data Analytics, Data Mining and their applications in Essay

Big Data, Big Data Analytics, Data Mining and their applications in Industrial Engineering - Essay Example The usage of predictive analytics in big data situation can help power plants forecast production size and also gain insight on prevailing challenges within the plant. Energy companies that are capable of managing and analysing high volume data by using advanced softwares like IBM information systems or any other suitable statistical software, can always transform their data into useful and profitable strategies. For instance, developing efficient demand response strategies requires that utilities apply innovative analytics across a mix of data about clients, consumption rate, generation capacity, physical grid unique behaviour, weather, and energy commodities market. A Company’s decision backed by data are always more forward and acceptable as compared to using prevailing perceived information about the energy market. As mentioned before, power plants are welcoming the usage of smart grids and meters as a long term strategy that enables efficient energy supply. Energy companies can therefore create better power storage solutions, include uniform power generation points and in the process eliminate the need for new power plants. Essentially, this will enable power consumers to have more control over the amount of power/electricity they use. A higher number of meter reads per day of power usage by consumers basically generate an overwhelming amount of data. This amount of data presents a great opportunity for power plants to study their consumers’ behaviours and also understand how market segmentation of customers can help industries know the amount of power output to achieve. For example, if you are an electricity producer, time of use pricing usually makes cost-savvy retail consumers to run dryers, dishwashers and washing machines at off-peak periods. Evidently, these segment of consumers do not only save cash but they also need less generation capacity from their electricity providers.

Learning from the Case of Joe Salatino Research Paper

Learning from the Case of Joe Salatino - Research Paper Example The customer attributes the salesperson’s hometown news fluency to internal factors, specifically to their similarity, competence, and caring, factors under the salesperson’s control, and not to external factors like just trying to make a random sale to a random target. Salatino could also explain how critical behaviors and expressions of rapport with the customer are during the fast and furious blue-light special sales. Saving money is certainly part of the equation, the most visible customer factor in the sales. But even in those fast and furious moments, when the customer is thrown off-balance by the pace of the special circumstance sale, the customer is caught off-guard, induced into a kind of trance state by the intensity of the moment, and more vulnerable to suggestion, if the salesperson makes use of that appropriately. In such a state, the customer makes the attribution that the salesperson is their guide, friend, and mentor, is highly competent and is making a massive effort on their behalf. The customer believes the salesperson is keeping in mind their needs, and watching their back. This is an internal attribution. An external attribution would be for the customer to draw a conclusion that they were just lucky to have good timing, by answering the phone in time for a special. But, with external attribution, the customer will not feel any reciprocal connection with the salesperson or the company, in the way they would if they attribute the circumstances of the sale to the salesperson’s competence and effort. The whirling blue light motivates the salesperson’s most intense and concentrated efforts to catch the customer’s attention, and lead them to perceive that there is a shopping emergency, that time is of the essence. But it is the attitude and behavior of the salesperson that leads to additional purchases and customer loyalty. Salatino could explain that internal attributions, when applied to a situation that has gone wrong, can solicit more punitive behavior, as a reaction (Slocum, 2009, p.84). Therefore, when circumstances turn negative, within the perception of the customer (for example, they were unable to successfully complete their preferred selection during a blue-light special, due to a credit card malfunction, or the phone connection was dropped), if the customer blames the salesperson and the company, a potential loyal customer may be eternally lost. However, if the customer has strong rapport with the salesperson, and positive antecedents (information, beliefs, motivation), an external attribution is more likely to be made, and the situation is more easily managed by the salesperson and the company, in a way that fosters customer loyalty. The customer will be more likely to notice that the company and salesperson have consistent supportive behavior, that these circumstances are distinct, and that their experience falls within the range of normal, given the circumstances. Since cus tomer loyalty translates into more money, it is a good idea to educate all salespeople about how these factors shape customer perception, and how these perceptions have monetary outcomes. Each salesperson who participates in the workshop should be assigned to shadow a top salesperson for 2 hours, so that they can see these concepts in application. Although salespeople are highly competitive, the result could mean increased sales

Service to Mankind Essay Example for Free

Service to Mankind Essay Not much over a hundred years ago, electricity, except in the form of lightning, was an unknown force. Its discovery was due to Michael Faraday, the great English scientist. On one occasion, about 1830, he was showing one of his early experiments to a distinguished company at the Royal Institution in London. He showed that when a magnet was brought suddenly near a coil of wire, a slight current of electricity was produced in the wire. Afterwards a lady said to him, But, Professor Faraday, even if the effect you explained is obtained, what is the use of it?† Madam, replied Faraday, will you tell me the use of a new-born child? The new-born child has grown to be a full-grown giant; for it is now one of the greatest natural forces that man has tamed to his own service. The ways in which men have learnt to use this great force are so many those only a few can be touched upon here. The first result of Faradays discovery was the electric telegraph, by which messages can be sent to a distance by means of an electric current sent along a conducting wire. Telegraphy means writing-at-a-distance. The first telegraph was installed in England, in 1835. Since then it has spread all over the world. Not long after, the submarine electric cable was laid under the Atlantic Ocean, connecting England with America. The next great invention was the electric telephone, first installed in England in 1876. The word telephone means speaking-at-a-distance; for by the telephone the human voice is carried to a distance by an electric current carried along a conducting wire. By its means we can talk to people, and hear them talking to us, hundreds of miles away. In our own time has come the wonderful invention of radio or wireless. Marconi found that messages could be sent by the electric waves in the ether, without any conducting wires. This led to broadcasting, by which we can hear music and speeches from countries hundreds and even thousands of miles away. Electric light came into use in the 19th Century, and it is the most used form of lighting today. Then electric power was applied as a motive force to machinery; and electric trams, electric trains, and electrically driven machinery came into use. Electricity is used also for heating houses, for cooking, for refrigerating, and in many other useful ways. If the nineteenth century was the age of steam, the period in which we are now living is the age of electricity.

Civil Enforcement Against Senior Bankers

Civil Enforcement Against Senior Bankers Civil enforcement against senior bankers for the financial failure of the institutions that employ them has been quiet in the United Kingdom before the global financial crisis in 2007. However, this unpleasant event that happened in the period between 2007 and 2009 directly displayed the weaknesses of senior management in the financial sector. Risk-taking management decisions, market misconduct and mis-selling practices are the common malpractices in the financial sector. Gradually, this problem which is caused by weak governance and misbehaviour has become more and more serious. There is a quote from an article stating this kind of problem as nothing so concentrates the mind as an urgent and complex problem.[1] However, generally, senior managers at financial institutions are typically incentivised in ways that lead them to underestimate risk-taking from the perspective of the firms other constituencies because they put the institutions profit in the first place. This can result in a failure to identify or fully appreciate in particular the correlation between low-probability risk and firm integrity.[2] Hence, it may not be best dealt with by enforcement against senior bankers.[3] As we know, a decision to be made equally for the best interest of the financial institution and the public is difficult. However, since weak governance appeared to be a problem for the fairness and transparency of the financial sector, it has to be addressed as soon as possible. Before determining whether the law is taking sufficient measures in addressing this senior management problem, we should first proceed to look at previous cases of the banks in the UK which failed in the global financial crisis. First and foremost, Northern Rock, which was a mortgage lender with a large market share, operated on a risky originate-to-distribute business model which relied on short-term money market funding to finance its extensive mortgage writing business. However, it went into trouble when the money markets dried up owing to subprime mortgage defaults in the United States. Then the Financial Services Authority (FSA) produced a report reflecting upon what went wrong at Northern Rock.[4] Certain doubts were voiced regarding the chairman of the board and the chief executive in terms of their competence and decisions made. However, neither individual has been subject to any individual liability under the law. Thus, this reflects that the law was not having a consolidate d structure to deal with individual liability in decision making. Next, the Royal Bank of Scotland teetered on the brink of failure in early 2009. It had been growing aggressively through large-scale acquisitions, such as of National Westminster Bank in the UK in 2000.[5] In May 2007, Fred Goodwin, who was the Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group between 2001 and 2009, led the bank to acquire the Dutch bank ABN-AMRO, over-bidding for it in order to edge its rival Barclays out of the race.[6] The deal was completed deal quickly without adequate due diligence carried out on ABN-AMROs assets. This action was severely questioned by the media at that time.[7] By early 2009, the bank faced significant losses due to the absorption of losses from ABN-AMROs extensive securitised assets portfolio. This acquisition was proved not a good move. However, although the Financial Services Authority criticised the senior management for poor risk decisions and governance culture in its report on the Bank, no individual has been subject to any i ndividual liability under the law again.[8] In addition, Halifax Bank of Scotland, in fact, was a casualty of the global financial crisis because the crisis crystallised the failure of an already dangerous business model.[9] The bank had been underwriting corporate loans with poor due diligence and standards in order to pursue rapid growth and expansion. The Parliamentary Commission looked into the banking standards and criticised the chairman, the chief executive and a number of board members. However, only one individual, Peter Cummings, the director of the corporate finance division who led the business into writing enormous sums of bad corporate loans, was fined and disqualified by the Financial Services Authority.[10] No other individual has been subject to any individual liability. Hence, these previous cases show that the legal structure in this area was not competent to act as a deterrence and raise awareness of the senior bankers in making careful decisions in the best interest of the public. After the global financial crisis, several conduct scandals were revealed in the financial sector. Significant banks in the UK such as Barclays were fined in significant amounts for rigging the London Inter-bank Offered Rate.[11] The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), together with other international regulators, also subjected a number of banks, including Barclays and RBS, to record fines over foreign exchange market-rigging.[12] The Salz Review[13], which revealed unhealthy sub-cultures in the large and complex structures at Barclays, also raised interesting questions. Question arises as to what extent senior management and the board should be responsible for the polluted banking culture as organisational pyramid shows the decisions are often made at the top.[14] The harms caused by malpractices in the banking sector are not only individual losses, but also damaging market confidence and integrity. Good corporate governance matters. It persuades, prompts and encourages institutions to preserve the honesty and integrity of key promises made to investors and the public.[15] In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, we can notice that many affected banks underwent senior management changes. In fact, the general consensus of all key reports is that the economy would have had stronger chances of survival had there been more professionalism among executives, better corporate governance structures and more ethical behaviour within the banking sector.[16] However, new management is unlikely to have significant effect on the current posed problem if the law is still lacking sufficient supervision in this area. In relation to this, Singapore, one of the world leading financial centres, recognises that a regulatory framework that is sound, strong and in line with the practices of leading jurisdictions is fundamental to achieving a thriving and liquid market.[17] We should now proceed to look at the development of the law in this area. In fact, the regulation of banking in the UK began with informal controls by the Bank of England and was eventually placed on a statutory basis by the Banking Act 1979. The following decades saw the passing of the Banking Act 1987 which increased the Bank of Englands regulatory and supervisory powers. As the UK did not have any special regime for dealing with banks in financial difficulties, a temporary Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 was passed to enable the resolution of problems. That Act was then replaced by the Banking Act 2009. After that, Financial Services Act 2010 was passed which amended Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 by strengthening the powers of the FSA and giving it a financial stability objective.[18] In July 2012, following a series of banking scandals culminating in the LIBOR findings, the UK instituted a Parliamentary Commission comprising both Houses to inquire into how banking culture could be changed for good.[19] The Parliamentary Commission was of the view that individual standards are key to enhancing banking culture and hence enhanced regulation of individuals must be introduced to change banking for good.[20] The Parliamentary Commission proposed enhanced regulatory liability for senior persons and employees performing any function that could harm the bank, as well as a special criminal liability regime for senior persons who have recklessly mismanaged a bank.[21] In relation to the above, the Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 has adopted many of the Parliamentary Commission recommendations. This Act has been lauded by the Treasury as the biggest reform to the UK banking sector in a generation, which will help to increase conduct standards among bankers.[22] This Act can be seen at the heart of system-focussed reforms designed to increase overall resilience of the UK financial system to future shocks and instability, as much as it can be seen in initiatives designed to strengthen the liability of individual actors operating within the overall financial system.[23] However, the Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 is also said to be a missed opportunity to increase the accountability of senior bankers for the financial failure of the institutions that employ them. In fact, individual liability is governed under Section 36 of the Act.[24] We can examine this issue by viewing it from two perspectives. We should first look at the express meaning and purpose which the Act wishes to carry out by its wordings. From the Act, we can see that Section 36 provides a jurisdiction to prosecute misconduct in the financial services sector. However, this jurisdiction is quite broad. This can be seen in Section 36(1)(a)(i) and (ii). It states that the senior manager either needs to have taken a decision or have agreed to the taking of a decision. Besides that, the senior manager has the duty to take steps he or she can in order to prevent such a decision being taken. The Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards (PCBS) in its June 2013 final report concluded that mismanagement and failure of control lie at the heart of standards and culture in banking.[25] However, it seems that Section 36 is only intended to deal with the process of making reckless decision while managing the financial institution. Furthermore, the Act has a number of limitations. First, S stated in the Act must be a senior manager or an authorised person who is carrying out a senior management function, which is stated in S.19(2) of the Act.[26] In fact, many organisations have delegated authority now and so, this will narrow down the ambit of the offence. There is one problem in accessing this jurisdiction identified by the Commission is that managers of varying levels can communicate preferences that give rise to a risk without directing subordinate employees explicitly. For example, this was displayed in the London Interbank Offered Rate rigging scandal.[27] In relation to this, the law provides the provision where the senior bankers have the duty to take measures in order to prevent reckless decisions. Nevertheless, this 2013 Act still has its limitation to prosecute senior managers who are experienced and have become adept at encouraging reckless misconduct. Besides that, the Act states that S needs to be aware of a risk that the decision in question may cause the failure of the financial institution. This may be unfair to criminalise the actions of a decision-maker who did not appreciate or actually foresee a risk. The decision must actually bring the financial institution to the risk of failure, not only risk causing losses to the bank. In addition, there is no single definition of conduct risk available. There are different definitions in use, depending on the emphasis, the causes and the impact.[28] This will make the Act seem vague in this sense. The scope of the offence is limited further by the causation clause in Section 36 (1) (d) which states that the implementation of the decision causes the failure of the group institution. Failure in this context means is interpreted in three ways. First, the institution becomes insolvent. Second, any of the stabilisation options in Part 1 of the Banking Act 2009 is satisfied by the financial institution in question. Third, the financial institution is taken for the purposes of the Financial Services Compensation Scheme to be unable or likely unable to satisfy claims made against it. Practically speaking, it is very difficult to prove or to bring actions under the law. In the article titled Criminalising Bank Managers, Professors Julia Black and David Kershaw from the London School of Economics identified the difficulties faced by the drafters of the new legislation.[29] In fact, the law has to be broad enough to provide a solid deterrent to individual liability and also to satisfy public demand for accountability. However, it cannot be legislated too widely which would possibly allow senior bankers to benefit from the loopholes of the law. In fact, it can be said that the criminal sanction provided by the Act delivers an important message and acts as an alarming notice for the banking sector. Apart from that, question arises here as to whether the law achieves its purpose practically. The exact purpose of the law in this area is said to be difficult to be achieved practically. The practical problem of the Act is that Section 36 is seemed to be a legal framework on how the law and sanction will operate because the possibility of successful prosecution is quite remote. Indeed, the Commission stated in its final report that it would not be easy to secure convictions for the offence. However, the Commission felt that the provision should be created to give pause for thought to the senior officers of UK banks. There are two main reasons affecting the practicality of the law in this area. First, there is the matter of causation. In order to establish liability, the senior manager must cause or his decision results in the institutional failure. In other words, it has to be proved beyond reasonable doubt that the senior banker causes the failure of the financial institution. As we know, most of the business failures are often caused by a combination of factors. In any prosecution, as stated above, establishing that the decision of a senior manager cause the failure of a bank will be difficult. Financial institutions such as banks are often large organisations, and failure of the bank is not usually caused by only an individual, but a combination of different factors. Hence, it is quite difficult to prove that the bank failure was due to a specific decision by an individual, if not impossible.[30] In fact, the government argued that causing the banks failure should be interpreted as having significantly contributed to the failure during the Parliamentary debates on the b ill. However, this interpretation is unsupported by a plain reading of the Act. Hence, establishing causation in fact and in law successfully might be very difficult practically. Secondly, it also appears to be difficult that the senior manager is aware of the risk that the implementation of a decision may lead to bank failure as it is full of uncertainties in the financial sector. Besides that, the Act states that his or her conduct fell far below what could reasonably be expected of a person in their position. In fact, the doctrine of reasonableness can have different outcomes owing to different circumstances. For example, if there is an imminent bank failure, a senior manager is reasonably expected to take responsive but difficult decisions under pressure. This will cause proving the necessary mental element of the offence become very complicated. Besides that, misconduct or risk-taking decisions at one bank spreads across the sector, as the behaviour comes to be seen as the market norm and no bank wants to miss the extra earnings from the practices. Therefore, it is difficult to apply the reasonableness test on senior bankers since a lay person may not kn ow the actual reason behind certain decisions made in that position. The idea of how these situations will be decided can only become clear when it comes to the court. Apart from that, in determining a potential prosecution under this Act, investigations on the issues are likely to require a high degree of access to the financial institution records. This may appear to be a heavy burden for the financial institution in question. In the absence of sufficient evidence or information on what actually causes the banks failure, this will be a waste of time for the authorities and the financial institution. In addition, if the investigating authority wishes to investigate on every person involved in the senior management decision, this action requires a certain amount of time which might take months or even years. It would be even worse for a financial institution which does not have proper records of its major decisions. Besides that, it should be noted that not every decision is made at the general meeting. Therefore, an investigation may use up management time.[31] By looking at the nature of the Act, the new provision criminalises individuals actions by holding them responsible for having caused the banks failure. However, the process of decision-making in large financial institutions is usually a collaborative process with several inputs from various senior managers or people sitting at the top level of the institutional pyramid. As stated above, an investigation on this issue would possibly consume few months or years and this may disrupt the continuing management. In relation to the above, it shows that the laws must be clear and simple for people to follow. Laws that are overly vague or complex and technical do not encourage compliance as they are too difficult to interpret and comply with.[32] Practically, this new offence has its limitations in finding senior bankers liable for making risky decisions because risk-taking is the spirit of the financial sector. For example, in many capitalist societies, risk-taking is seen as a necessary part of business and it is hard to prove wrongdoing.[33] Therefore, this illustrates that Section 36 may seem to be a paper tiger which is enacted more for symbolic than actual punitive effect.[34] Apart from that, the law has another way of addressing senior bankers liability besides merely applying the 2013 Act. The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) have published the final approach to improve individual accountability in the banking sector. The Senior Managers Regime will ensure that senior managers can be held accountable for any misconduct that falls within their areas of responsibilities, while the new Certification Regime and Conduct Rules aim to hold individuals working at all levels in banking to appropriate standards of conduct.[35] This has come into force on 7 March 2016. In fact, the new UK Senior Managers Regime (SMR) has the potential to rebalance these incentives. It is the product of a two year process led by a parliamentary commission tasked with addressing widespread misconduct at banks. The commission identified the lack of personal consequences for individuals as a root cause of repeated bad behaviour by institution s.[36] Under the SMR, an individual is guilty of misconduct if the regulators are able to show that there was a failure by a relevant authorized person in an area for which that individual senior manager was responsible.[37] Clearly, all centrepiece reforms of the Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 can be related to culture as it is currently understood by regulators: as a set of attitudes, values, goals and practices which together determine how a firm behaves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[38]; and also by academic scholars: as the subsistence and transmission of behaviours and beliefs which characterise particular social or economic groupings within and beyond these groupings.[39] From the above, we can see that the Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 can be seemed to act as a reminder or notification for the senior bankers not to make extremely risky decisions. And by having this legislation, senior bankers and those who are responsible for making decisions would be more cautious in future decision making. However, practically speaking, it is difficult to be accessed as the financial or banking sector are full of uncertainties. No one can foresee the potential risk hidden in every decision made a nd no one should be blamed if the decision is made in the best interest of the institution. In short, a powerful mechanism to promote desired behaviour is to ensure that senior managers of the banks and their counterparties are aware of the possibility of the systemic implications of their actions such as aware of the possibility of their failure, and therefore the need to be concerned about that risk.[40] Banks safety and soundness are key to financial stability, and the manner in which they conduct their business is central to economic health. Governance weaknesses at banks, especially but not exclusively, those which play a significant role in the financial system, can result in the transmission of problems across the banking sector and into economies in outlying jurisdictions. Thus, effective and sensible corporate governance is critical to the proper functioning of the banking sector and the global economy.[41] In conclusion, the presence of this new offence may be seemed as a political tool to comfort the public after the global financial crisis which has no real and practical impact on individual liability. However, this Act will anyhow act as a general framework for senior bankers in their financial institutions to re-examine their decision making processes and to ensure that they comply with the highest standards of transparency. Someone may argue that strict rules or legislation might stop attracting talents into the financial sector. However, if they are not prepared to be bound by the legislation, they are clearly not the people who can bring huge impact to the financial sector and consequently the national economy. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Ellinger E. P., Lomnicka E and Hare C. V. M, Ellingers Modern Banking Law (5th edn, OUP, Oxford 2011) Articles A Minto, Misconduct in banks: approaching the issue from a systemic perspective (2016). A Salz, The Salz Review: An Independent Review of Barclays Business Practices (2013). D Arsalidou and M Kambria-Kapardis, Weak corporate governance can lead to a countrys financial catastrophe: the case of Cyprus (2015). F. Hilmer, Strictly Boardroom: Improving Governance to Enhance Company Performance (1993). FCA, FCA publishes final rules to make those in the banking sector more accountable (2015). Financial Stability Board, Peer Review Report on Risk Governance (2013). FSA, Final Notice against Peter Cummings (2012). FSA, The Failure of the Royal Bank of Scotland: Financial Services Authority Board Report (2011). FSA Board, The Failure of the Royal Bank of Scotland (2011), para.581. FSA Internal Audit Division, The Supervision of Northern Rock: A Lessons Learned Review (2008). G Wilson and S Wilson, Banking and regulation post-crisis: the significance of culture in the UK and experiences from Australia (2016). Hall and du Gay (eds), Questions of Cultural Identity (1996); and Williams, Culture and Society: 1780-1950 (2013). House of Lords and House of Commons, Changing Banking for Good (12 June2013), Vol.I, para.116 House of Lords and House of Commons, Changing Banking for Good (12 June 2013), Vol.II, paras 632-634 House of Lords and House of Commons Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards, An Accident Waiting to Happen: The Failure of HBOS (2013). Iris H.-Y. Chiu, Regulatory duties for directors in the financial services sector and directors duties in company law: bifurcation and interfaces (2016). J Black and D Kershaw, Criminalising Bank Managers (2013). J. Gapper, Trading Floor Culture no longer Acceptable (2012). J Stainsby and K Anderson, Making individuals accountable: new regulatory frameworks for banking and for insurers (2015). L.A. Bebchuk, A Cohen and H Spamann, The Wages of Failure: Executive Compensation at Bear Stearns and Lehman 2000-2008 (2010). M S. Kenney, A D. Moglia and A Stein, Fraudsters at the gate: how corporate leaders confront and defeat institutional fraud: Part 1 (2016). Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards, Changing Banking for Good (2013). Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Securities and Futures Bill (5 October 2001) Vol.73, cols 2127-2128. T Hallett, Symbolic Power and Organizational Culture (2003). V. K. Rajah SC, Prosecution of financial crimes and its relationship to a culture of compliance (2016). Official Published Sources J. Macey, Corporate Governance: Promises Kept, Promises Broken (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 2008). Electronic Sources BBC News, NatWest Takeover Battle accessed 26 March 2017. BBC News, RBS Secures Takeover of ABN Amro accessed 26 March 2017. The Independent, Was ABN the worst takeover deal ever? accessed 26 March 2017 C Coltart, Banking act is a paper tiger, The Law Society Gazette accessed 26 March 2017. D Gilroy, Banking Reform Act 2013, a good idea with poor implementation accessed 27 March 2017. L Hodges, Jail bankers for failure? The new criminal offence is an unworkable paper tiger accessed 27 March 2017. Norton Rose Fulbright, Criminal liability for senior bankers accessed 27 March 2017. R Burger and M Bonnell, Individual Accountability in Banking and Finance

Barriers and solutions to international trade

Barriers and solutions to international trade INTRODUCION This essay provides an overview of the barriers to international trade faced by economies today with examples of barriers faced in various countries, and their solutions. International trade promotes high standard of living for trading nations and hence, despite its various ill effects, it is best to practice international trade as it provides economic and social benefits to economies bringing about an upturn in global economy. This essay attempts to bring to light, the general barriers international trade faces presently and its solutions with recent examples. INTERNATIONAL TRADE: AN INTRODUCTION Trade among countries has existed for a long period now. The trade between Asia and Europe marks this fact as Morrison (2006, pp.314-315) examines that these two continents have engaged in Trade since a long period. He also suggests that with time, international trade has come a long way as far as volume and patterns of trade between nations is concerned. Morrison (2006) has referred to figures by the World Trade Organisation (2004, cited in International Trade Statistics 2003, World Trade Developments 2002) from the official website of the WTO that Asias share of global merchandise exports has gradually increased, Northern Americas share has slightly decreased and Western Europes share has recovered from a downfall in 2001, but not as much as it did in 1990. Morrison further suggests, from 2000 to 2002, Chinas exports and imports rose by 30 per cent and today, China is one of the worlds largest traders. Therefore, we may note that International trade plays a very essential role in g lobalization trends in the world economy. UNDERSTANDING TRADE PROTECTIONISM Protectionism is The deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers, or to protect and preserve those industries and producers considered of critical national interest. (McCracken, 2005) Coughlin et al (1988) state that Protectionist Trade Policies are meant to improve the position of domestic products as compared to its foreign equivalents, and that this may be done through various policies by increment of the market price of the foreign product or by barring access of foreign products to the domestic market. They explain that protectionist trade policies aim to expand domestic production in the protected industries for the benefit of the owners, suppliers and workers of the protected industry. However this may lead to a downturn in the consumption of protected goods due to either associated rise in its price or consumers start using less of other goods as a result of the decline in outputs and increase in prices. Coughlin et al hence, argue that domestic consumers are said to be impaired as the price of the protected goods keep increasing. Hence, imposing of tariffs lead to domestic producers and the governments gain, while domestic consumers and other domestic producers loss. These trade policies also affect foreign interests. FREE TRADE ITS THEORIES Free Trade is trade between nations that is unhampered by Government constraints such as tariffs, restrictions, and other barriers. (Financial Times Limited, 2009) Theory of Absolute Advantage Barnat (2005) highlighted certain points from Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations 1776 that explain what this theory talks about. He mentioned that the countrys practicing or willing to practice free trade should work towards maximising the efficiency of the goods and products they deal in, and that this theory is based on the assumption that the nation producing a certain good is absolutely better at production of that good or commodity than the rest of its trading partners, hence calling this the absolute advantage of the nation over the other nations. The theory of Absolute Advantage suggests specialization through free trade as it benefits the consumers if they can afford foreign-made products at a comparatively cheaper price than domestic products. (Warhurst, 2009) Theory of Comparative Advantage Barnat (2005, cited in Ricardo, 1817) had postulated that in Ricardos theory of comparative advantage even if a certain nation is able to produce all its goods at a comparatively lower cost than another country then it benefits the trade of both the countries, based on the comparative costs. Coughlin et al (1998, cited in Ricardos Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817) demonstrated that two countries viz. England and Portugal were shown to produce the same two goods wine and cloth and the only production costs were labour costs. It was shown that England was comparatively less efficient to produce both goods as it was comparatively costlier to produce those goods in England. Therefore, it was said in this demonstration that Portugal had an absolute advantage in these two goods. According to this example, labour was the only resource considered to produce these goods when labour is among the many resources used to produce these goods. Also, the production costs of the additional units have been taken to be constant in this demonstration, but unit production as mentioned by Coughlin et al here, is subject to decrease or increase depending on the production. Elwell (2005) suggests that the gains from trade are mutual despite either nations absolute advantage or disadvantage in the efficiency with which they produce all tradable goods. The difference in rate of production of one good must be limited for the expansion of another good among countries such that there is a comparative advantage among the two nations such that both benefit efficiently from trade. A nation is not to compete but look at the mutual benefits from trade. Therefore, each country must produce what they do best relatively. Comparative advantage is evident in activities that make use of profuse productive resource. Elwell explains this statement with the help of an example of the U.S. and China. He states that China, with a relative abundance of low skilled labor would find it beneficial to engage in production that requires low skilled labor, in trade. On the other hand, the U.S. specializes in production of goods that require high skilled labor. Also, the production of goods can be practiced such that a part of the good is produced in one country while another country can deal in producing another part required for the production of the good hence practicing the theory of comparative advantage. For example American hardware companies send their products to China since it is much more cost effective due to low waged labor in China. This acts as a comparative advantage for both countries. Due to political motives, various governments still try to obstruct the system of free trade in spite of its acceptance globally, in Hendersons view. BARRIERS TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE Tariff Barriers Tariffs according to Coughlin et al (2009) are taxes imposed on goods entering a country from another country. They suggest that tariff revenues are paid to the government of the country that allows the goods to enter its nation and this revenue is used to finance government services. Therefore, as Sumner et al (2002?) state, Tariffs are among the oldest form of government intervention and are implemented for the purpose of providing revenue to the government and they also provide economic returns to firms and suppliers of resources of the domestic industry that face competition from imported products. Sumner et al further suggest that in 1948, when average tariff on manufactured goods increased by 30 percent in many developed countries, these economies negotiated for the reduction of tariff on manufactured goods under the General Agreement on Tariff Trade (GATT), however, only in the most recent negotiations on this issue in Uruguay, the trade and tariff restrictions were addressed. Tariffs are capable of hampering nation-to-nation trade, or as Sumner et al add, if tariffs set are very high then it can block international trade and hence, act like import bans. Quota System Henderson (2009), states, in the quota system, there is a lot more bureaucracy involved and in this case, the government is not the source from where the revenue is generated. Under the quota system as suggested by Coughlin et al (2009), the prices increase in the home market and this enables domestic producers to increase production and consumers to reduce consumption. Coughlin et al further state that the quota generates a revenue gain to the owner of import licenses. Non-Tariff Barriers (NTB) The Non-tariff barriers can be classified further as the regulatory barriers, subsidies and exchange controls. Subsidizing domestic producers is one way to restrict terms under which foreigners can compete in the home market as suggested by Coughlin et al (2009). They also state that restricting access to foreign money to buy foreign goods is known as Exchange Control. Example Karugia et al (2009) state that the main type of non tariff barriers faced in East Africa during Maize and Beef trade were customs documentation and administrative procedures, quality inspection, transiting procedures and immigration, which are all cumbersome and expensive. He states that these barriers reduce the possible benefits of trade preferences, lead to huge welfare loss as cost of business activities increase. As a result of this, trade among the East African nations, in beef and maize was found to be very low as Karugia et al suggest. Tariff-Rate Quota Sumner et al (2002) have also discussed what is called a Tariff-Rate Quota (TRQ). It is said to be the combination of the ideas of tariff and quota. The implementation of a TRQ is a very good idea for the benefit of both countries that importing and the one exporting, and the concerned governments. Policies like the Tariff-Rate Quota help implement trade practice between countries in a healthy manner as it not only implements low tariff prices but also keeps a check on the quantity of products being imported. According to TRQ, a low tariff is set against imports of a fixed quantity and if the quantity of the imports increases, a higher tariff is set against the goods. Sumner et al have given the example of United States that follows this policy for various products like beef, sugar, peanuts and other dairy products. In these cases, the initial tariff is said to be low but the over-quota tariff is very highly priced and in some cases, even unaffordable. GLOBAL TRADE IN PRESENT ECONOMIC CLIMATE Post the economic crisis, the general belief of countries is to be very careful as far as dealing with international trade is concerned and to protect their economies, nations are practicing protectionism, however, free trade is in the interest of most countries, but it is not in the economic interest of the nations to practice free trade in times of crisis. There are some basic solutions for the removal of trade barriers put forward by Crean (2009, ed. Baldwin and Evenett, 2009) one of which is G20 leadership such that countries lift each other up rather than pull each other down through protectionism. He adds that the G20 can play an important role in encouraging open trade flows between countries. Here is a notable example as proposed by Crean To help open markets in Washington, Australia helped build support to execute considerable measures last year with the agreement of G20 leaders by putting forward an Action Plan for the purpose of restoring growth, addressing the progress of the WTO Doha negotiations and to put a halt to protectionism. He proposes, it is important to avoid inefficient incentives while crafting the fiscal and industry support packages and also, huge subsidies will give rise to competitive response. Crean further suggests, it is of utmost importance especially in these times post economic crisis to preserve open trade flow among nations. He adds growth and prosperity are transmitted within countries through trade. He mentioned, according to Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) analysis, a 10 percent increase in trade is associated with a 4% rise in per capita income, however, the crisis has now brought about a slowdown in trade. World Bank has predicted that 2009 will be the first year in over a quarter century in which international trade is forecast to fall, Crean sites. He has spoken of the export statistics of China and Japan and certain other countries and noted how drastically the crisis has affected the trade of these countries. He argues that protectionism gradually only lessens competitiveness, growth, employment and real incomes. I am now going to focus on the barriers to international trade in businesses in the U.S. and EU and talk about the measures they have decided on taking to attain a healthier global trading system bearing in mind the current economic climate. Also, I will further add what steps Canada and EU have decided on taking to address the trade barriers. Trade Barriers and Solutions: US EU The U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) 2009, states, the National Trade Estimate Report 2009 describes significant barriers to trade in the US. The barriers, as cited in the report, according to USTR, obstruct access to markets for the products of American workers, irrespective of the workers employment status self or employed by company. The various tariff and non tariff barriers by foreign governments that need to be addressed are highlighted in the report difficulty in testing and requirements of certification on thousands of consumer goods, inspection and registration of a wide range of import products by new means, ineffective enforcement against counterfeiting and copyright piracy; subsidies being exported illegally was another issue of concern, onerous import requirements or bans not based in science and also said to not be competitive internationally; approval processes for biotech products were said to be cumbersome and ineffective; imported products are made to pay rates 10 to 43 times higher than before as according to discriminatory excise taxes; foreign participation in the telecom market is very limited, and many other such issues were raised. The USTR states that exports contribute about 13 per cent to the US Economy; therefore, measures by the USTR and the Government for the sake of the economy of the country, is necessary. The report, as USTR suggests, states what measures could be taken by the United States Trade Representative to embark upon these barriers. After reading this article, I have tried to pull together the matter in brief. The article suggests that the USTR is reviewing the functioning of the existing trade agreements, including enforcement of labour and environment provisions. The USTR is going to prioritize the trade barriers put forward by the report, in order of importance and hence, deal with each barrier according to relevance tackling the most vital barrier at first. They are planning on handling these cases by multilateral and bilateral dispute resolution. The USTR is also working with the Congress to improve the trading system in the country. The US Trade Representative Ron Kirk (2009) proposed the opening of new markets around the world. The USTR suggests that manufacturers and service providers and the American workers should make use of the benefits of previous trade agreement s through strong enforcement. Kirk, in 2009, as cited in the USTR (2009) suggests that the proposals made will also help in the economic recovery procedure and incremental gains in market access and in reduction of trade barriers and thus, will help Americans attain good salary jobs. Castle (2009) states that European exporters have faced many new trade barriers since the global economic crisis however, measures to prevent protectionism have been taken by the EU. He adds that global trade volumes in August 2009 were 18 per cent below its peak in 2008 due to the economic crisis. Castle (2009, cited in Ashton, 2009) states that classical tariff increases, import and export bans or ceilings, non-tariff barriers and government procurement and investment measures are the major trade barriers faced in the EU with classical barriers alone affecting about 5 per cent of the EU exports. Another trade restricting measure according to the Foreign Manufacturers Legal Accountability Act of 2009 in the US that states that it aims to protect US customers and businesses from defective products manufactured abroad, is, another barrier between EU and US trade as Castle (cited in Ashton, 2009) has mentioned. Castle further cites, one of the bills state that it is unsafe to grant unfair tax disadvantages to subsidiaries of the EU companies in the US in the insurance sector. The EU and U.S. are each others most important trading and investment partners and hence it is important for these two sides to work towards the reduction of these barriers. As cited by Palmer (2009), the two sides have agreed on meeting for identification of labeling, energy efficiency and nanotechnology for increased cooperation on regulation; and that these two sides have plans for a new US-EU Energy Council and also to set up a dialogue dealing in creating jobs in various sectors such as IT and energy. Addressing Trade Barriers: Canada EU Another notable example of nations that have pledged to remove trade barriers is that of Canada and The EU. Czech Trade (2009) suggests, these two nations have signed a summit to remove trade barriers and that the Canadian Government is trying their best to remove trade barriers for Canadian exporters and open Canadas market to foreign companies such as the EU. Canada is one of EUs main trading partners and the fact that Canada has maintained a healthy economy despite the global economic crisis, has helped EU promote its business and trade relations with Canada. It has been said to be believed that both countries will benefit largely in terms of economy post this summit in the next couple of years. Cohen (2009) suggests that there is a Canada-EU Free Trade deal expected by 2011 as intended by Former Quebec premier Pierre Marc Johnson. CONCLUSION Trade should satisfy the theory of comparative advantage benefitting both nations engaged in trading activities. It has a positive effect on economies, both economically and socially, but it also has its ill effects for example, as Elwell (2005) suggests, while it helps benefit the economic condition of relatively efficient activities, it hampers the relatively less competent activities. However, impressing barriers prevent nations from economic gain. Elwell further suggests that tariffs, quotas and non tariff barriers result in a loss of the exporting sector and gain of the importing sector. But, it is also important to note that this may lead to an increase in prices and reduced goods available to the consumer, thereby, leading to the downfall of the economy. It is true that it is important for the domestic industry to protect, improve and sell their products but it is also important to note the profits foreign goods bring to both economies and thus, it is important for the benefit of every economy to work towards addressing the barriers they face today. Trade, either in the form of import or export contributes largely to the economy of the country. Just like the U.S. Government and the U.S. Trade Representatives are working hand in hand to fight the barriers hence working towards the security of the countrys economy, other economies should also address their respective barriers. The G 20 must also help trade flow in developing countries. Developed countries should aim to remove all trade barriers and try giving up on protectionist measures like The EU and The U.S. have pledged to do for the economic benefits of either country. Also, ideas like the free trade deal between Canada and the EU should be encouraged and worked upon by other nations as well, hence, encouraging trade among nations which in turn, shall benefit the global economy. Reference: Books Morrison, J. (2006) International Business Environment: Global and Local market places in the changing world, Second Edition, Palgrave. E-books Crean, S. (2009) The collapse of global trade, murky protectionism and the crisis [pdf] London, Center for Economic Policy Research Available at http://www.voxeu.org/reports/Murky_Protectionism.pdf [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Elwell, C. K., 2005 Trade, trade barriers and trade deficits: Implications for U.S. economic welfare [e-book] Available at www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl32059.pdf [Last Accessed 06 December 2009] E-Journals and Online Articles Barnat R. (1998-2007) Theory of Absolute Advantage [Online] Available at http://applications-of-strategic-management.24xls.com/en110 [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Castle, S. (2009) EU finds Trade Barriers Rising since Global Crisis, New York Times [Online] 06 Nov., Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/business/global/06trade.html?_r=1 [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Cohen, T. (2009) Canada-EU free trade deal expected by 2011, CB Online, Source The Canadian Press [Online] 17 Nov., Available at: http://www.canadianbusiness.com/markets/headline_news/article.jsp?content=b172534122page=1 Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Coughlin C., Chrystal K., Wood G (1988) Protectionist Trade Policies: A Survey of Theory, Evidence and Rationale [pdf] Available at http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/88/01/Protectionist_Jan_Feb1988.pdf [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Czech Trade (2009) Canada and EU pledge to remove barriers [Online] 20 May, Available at http://www.canadianbusiness.com/markets/headline_news/article.jsp?content=b172534122page=1 Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Henderson, R. (2009) Trade Barriers A Guide to International Trade Barriers [Online] Available at http://ezinearticles.com/?Trade-BarriersA-Guide-to-International-Trade-Barriersid=3247030 [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Karugia et al (2009) The Impact of Non Tariff Barriers on Maize and Beef Trade in Africa [Online] Available at www.resakss.org/index.php?pdf=42386 [Last Accessed 06 December 2009] Palmer D., (2009) U.S., EU pledge work on regulatory trade barriers Thomas Reuters 2009 [Online] 27 Oct., Available at http://www.reuters.com/article/ousivMolt/idUSTRE59Q53K20091027?pageNumber=1virtualBrandChannel=11617 [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Sumner et al (2002?) Tariff and Non Tariff Barriers to Trade [pdf] Available at http://www.farmfoundation.org/news/articlefiles/816-sumner.pdf [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] Websites Financial Times Limited (2009) Free Trade, Financial Times Lexiton [Online] Available at: http://lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=free-trade [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] McCracken, M. (2009) Explain Protectionism [Online] Available at: http://www.teachmefinance.com/Financial_Terms/protectionism.html [Last Accessed 01 December 2009] USTR Official Website (2009) USTR Identifies International Trade Barriers, Outlines Efforts to Open Markets for U.S. [Online] Available at http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2009/march/ustr-announces-delay-trade-action-beef-hormones-dis-0 [Last Accessed 01 December 2009]

Factors that Negatively Effect Fetal Development Essay -- essays resea

Factors that Negatively Effect Fetal Development Nicotine and drugs can affect a fetus by entering into the bloodstream of the unborn child. While you are pregnant, almost everything you eat, drink or smoke passes through your body to your baby. That is why drugs taken during pregnancy can be harmful to your baby. The word "drugs" doesn't only mean illegal drugs. It also means legal drugs and prescription and over-the-counter medicines. The use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs during pregnancy continues to be a leading preventable cause of mental, physical, and psychological impairments and problems in infants and children. A developing fetus really is a part of its mother, sharing oxygen and nutrients through the umbilical cord and across the fluid-filled bubble known as the placenta. It was once thought the placenta as a natural filter, shielding the fetus from external harm. Today, we know that virtually everything in a woman's bloodstream passes through to the developing organs of the fetus. Since a fetus can't remove harmful substances on its own, all the drugs a woman uses during pregnancy stay in its body longer than they do in mom's -- and at higher, more toxic levels. Main risks of smoking during pregnancy include: Delayed Growth. The more a woman smokes, the less her baby grows. Twice as many babies weighing less than 5 pounds are born to smokers as to nonsmokers. Premature Birth: Pregnant smokers are more likely to suffer bleeding, damage to...

The Roosevelt Era :: American History

Chapter 30 American on the World Stage 1899-1909 Summary: Foreign affairs led Roosevelt from domestic to international involvement. Page:673-681 Columbia blocks the Canal Foreign affairs absorbed much of Roosevelt’s energy and had more knowledge of outside world than most of his predecessors. Americans from Spanish-American War wanted canal across the Central American isthmus to augment the strength of the navy by increasing its mobility, defend recent American acquisitions (Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Philippines, and facilitate operations of American merchant marine. Initial obstacles was legal ones. Ancient Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with British in 1850 U.S Could not secure control over such route. 1901 with unfriendly European power and Boer War, British consented to Hay-Pauncefote Treaty it gave the U.S. right to build canal and right to fortify it as well. Locations of the canal was a controversy. Many Americans like the Nicaraguan route but the French Canal Company was not want this failing S-shaped Panama. New Panama Canal company suddenly dropped the price of its holding. Nicaragua was objected because of its volcanic activity. Congress accepted the Panama route after Hanna persuasion. U.S. negotiation with Colombian a treaty favorable to the U.S. It lease the 6 mile for $10 million and annual payment of $250,000. Colombian rejected because it was its most valuable natural assets and later truth was $ not enough. Eager to be elected prez and mad at the outcome. 1904 proclaimed he want the canal built and critizen the treaty rejector blocking the onward march of civilization. Uncle Sam Creates Puppet Panama Panamanians ready for another revolt because fear prosperity would be gone it U.S. now turn to Nicaraguan route. Buanu-Varilla did not want company to lose money + revoluntionists+fire fighters+Colombian troops. 1903 Panama revolution occurred when Colombian troops were gathered to crush uprising but U.s. naval forces would not let them cross isthmus with justification of treaty 1846 that U.S. was obligation to maintain perfect neutrality of the isthmus against outsiders. Roosevelt quickly made Panana it outpost of u.S. Buanau-Varilla (now Panamanian minister) signed the Hya-Bunau-Varilla treaty in WA. Everthing the same but canal space widen and French company pocketed money from U.S. treasury. U.S. suffered from Roosevelt because European imperialists scorn at America’s uperior moral pretensions. Completing the Canal and Appeasing Colombia Panama made an ugly U.S.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: essays research papers

1984 Essay After reading Orwell’s 1984 and examining Stalin’s rule over Soviet Russia it is safe to say that the two are very similar. Many features of Big Brother and Oceania mimic those of Stalin and the USSR. As well, the ability to change the truth and rewrite the past was abused for both regimes. Also, the Party and it’s enemies are actual representations of real people who were against Stalin and the USSR. Finally, Big Brother and Stalin did have some differences though very few. By discussing these points, a comparison of the totalitarian leaders Big Brother and Stalin can be made. Many features of Orwell's imaginary superstate Oceania are from Soviet reality: the Komsomol (Young Communists) appear as the â€Å"Anti-Sex League†, the young informers of the Pioneers turn up as the â€Å"Spies†, Soviet Five-Year Plans shrink into Oceania Three-Year Plans, and easily available vodka into Victory Gin. Like Stalin's USSR, Oceania has its renegades and backsliders who are arrested at night, questioned by interrogators for counterrevolutionary activities and then either sent to the "saltmines" or "vaporised". As in Russia, the "comrades" of Oceania are given news bulletins consisting almost entirely of lists of industrial production figures, most of which are announced as "overfulfilled" and none of which are really true. As well, there are constant powercuts and shortages, all essentials being obtained through the underground "free market". Winston's job of alteration in the Ministry of Truth consists of books and periodicals that are rewritten and photographs changed to reflect the "correct" or the latest view of past events was similar to events that happened in the USSR. One of Stalin's corrections of the past was the Soviet-Nazi pact of 1939, this is very similar to the alliance of Oceania with its arch-enemy Eurasia against its former ally Eastasia. "Oceania was at war with Eastasia: Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia." Big Brother, the all-seeing leader who murders his rivals, declares "a new, happy life" and, from posters and telescreens, rules over people conditioned by terror to love him, is of course Stalin himself. As well, Oceania's evil figure Emmanuel Goldstein, the counter-revolutionary author of "the book", and who the Party wages an endless struggle with was much like how Trotsky was portrayed to the Soviet people. Stalin's NKVD jailed millions for the imaginary crime of "Trotskyism" just as Big Brother's Thought Police repressed the followers of Goldstein.

History of Mauritius

Mauritius was discovered by the Portuguese in 1507 and was later occupied by the Dutch, from 1598 up until 1710. In 1715, it came into the possession of the East India Company and in 1767, that of the King of France, who christened it ‘Ile de France'. Captured by the British in 1810 and then acknowledged by the Treaty of Paris in 1814, the British allowed the French settlers to use their language and their civil code. Many of the settlers remained and made up a group of Franco-Mauritian important property owners and businessmen. The sugar cane cultivations first developed with the African and Malagasy slaves. Following the abolition of slavery in 1835, the important landowners turned their attention to an influx of indentured Indian labourers, a large number of whom settled on the island. The island remained a British colony until its independence on 12th March 1968, under the presidency of Dr Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. The Dutch period~ The Dutch first arrived on the island in 1516, but was unable to colonise it as the slaves that had been brought over from Africa ran away into the mountains upon their arrival. They were the first fugitive slaves in Mauritius. In 1641, the Dutch developed the slave trade, with slaves from Madagascar, in the hope of securing a return on their installation in Mauritius. In spite of this, only a few Malagasy slaves were brought to Mauritius during the Dutch occupation. In 1598, a Dutch squadron landed on the island under the orders of the Admiral Wybrand Van Warwick. It was then that the island was named Mauritius, after the Prince Mauritius Van Nassau of Holland. Instead of expanding the colony, the Dutch contented themselves with devastating the fauna (which led to the extinction of the dodo) and the flora that caused the extinction of ebony wood. However, they introduced sugar cane and imported Java deer. They left the island along with their slaves in 1710, following severe droughts and devastation caused by the cyclones. The French colonisation~ Abandoned by the Dutch, Mauritius became a French colony when, in 1715, Guillaume Dufresne d'Arsel landed on its shores and named it â€Å"Ile de France. † The first pioneers arrived in 1721, when the island was administered by the East India Company (1722 to 1767). This Company was founded by Louis XIV and Colbert to compete with the other European countries. In the hope of earning money, he was granted a trade monopoly cross the Indian Ocean for 50 years. About a hundred slaves from Senegal and Guinea arrived in Ile de France at the beginning of the colonisation period, notably between 1721 and1735. Following the request of Colbert, the kingdom's state adviser, slavery was legalized on the 28th August 1670 in France. In the West Indies, slavery quickly ensured the economic prosperity of its regions. The famous black code was proclaimed in March 1685, under the order of Louis XIV. It was aimed to develop and ease the slavery system and specified the duties of the masters and the slaves. However, the black code, established in all of the West Indies and in French Guinea, was seldom respected by the owners. In 1723, the Mascarene Islands adopted the famous black code and the letters of patent of Louis XIV in the form of an edict. They were recorded in the town of Saint-Paul in Ile Bourbon (Reunion Island) on the 18th September 1724, by the supreme adviser. As of 1725, this led to the arrival of thousands of slaves, mainly from Madagascar and East Africa, to cultivate the coffee and spice plantations. This labour seemed necessary in order to allow the East India Company to pursue the economic expansion of the Indian Ocean.

Influence Of The Media In Forming Negative Body Image Among Females

We coiffure out in this paper to look for the influence of the media in forming negative torso emblem among females. In the course of the research, we likewise looked at the influence of mediaprimarily TV watchingon males just to equal the two groups and their responses to media images. Our findings reveal that although distortions in be image be gro break throughg among both males and females, females atomic number 18 especi solelyy vulnerable to dead body-image messages and act to them with distorted behaviors around fast and with let down self-esteem or self-image.These conclusions be back up further by both(prenominal) of the do work of Garner, Garfinkel, and Olmstead (1983) who claim that media exposure to stereotypes of very lithesome women models and reinforces the association between slim downness and the characteristics such(prenominal) as physical attractiveness, desirability, personal self-worth, and success. This weed asterisk to internalization of a t hin holy person stereotype by females, which outhouse result in distortion of the psychical image of themselves (Downs & Harrison, 1985 Ogletree, S.M. , Williams, S. W. , Raffeld, P. , Mason, B. , & Fricke, K. , 1990 Salmons, Lewis, Rogers, Gotherer, & Booth, 1988). Indeed, Myers and Biocca (1992) claim that only 30 minutes of TV watch a day sight alter a young fair sexs knowledge of body shape. Why is this important? First, of all in all the effect of pervasive media influence, such as extensive TV watching and the recital of womens magazine which atomic number 18 to the full of diet programs, are distorting the image of females perceptions of their high-flown body image.Whereas, in some eras in history a Rubenesque or pad figure was considered a favorable body type, in this period of time the ideal type is an emaciated look. This distortion can lead to behaviors that create diseased dieting and exercise patterns that excite the potential to mischievously affect a you ng charrs long-term health lookout man and can lead to diseases such as Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia. A second consideration is the region of self-image. It appears as something of a chicken-and-egg issue. That is, do media images piddle lowered self-esteem and lead to unhealthy dieting and exercise behavior.Or does the practice of systematically unhealthy behaviors that dont lead to the distorted image that is imagined by some women cause lowered self-esteem? In an article on the Media Awareness web, it is claimed that all this media barrage leaves the message that women are endlessly in assume of adjustment so that whether it starts with the chicken or the egg the woman is going after a generally unattainable goal of extreme scantness and thus cant win and will ultimately end up with a lowered self-image.The third aim is that the media benefit from the constant message that women are inadequate. The article on the Media Awareness Network cites the fact that the diet, c osmetic, and plastic surgery industries are direct beneficiaries of womens feelings that their body images are inadequate. They state that, By presenting an ideal uncontrollable to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet produce industries are assured of growth and profits. And its no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential metre of beauty.Such women are more likely to bargain beauty products, new clothes, diet aids, and memberships to health clubs. Obviously, this is a situation where a need is created, a consumer is convinced of the need, and services and products are introduced to fill the need. What are some of the considerations that comprise that are trying to address and lop off this unhealthy contract? The article on the Media Awareness Network states that There have been efforts in the magazine industry to fritter the trend.For several years the Quebec magazine coup detat de Pouce has consistently included full-sized wo men in their hammer pages and Chtelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age. There was also real attention to the models for Dove cosmetic products, who were average-sized women. These ads appeared in magazines and on TV. An informal scan of TV ads and programs might show some average-sized women, except they are still few and furthermost between. Our unfortunate conclusion is that the fantasy image of a super-thin woman still sells products.

Tanah Lot in Report Text

Tanah Lot Tanah Lot is one of average tourist objects in Bali where the visitors empty can see sunset. Tanah Lot located in Beraban, Tabanan Regency. Tanah Lot as famous as Bedugul. how There are two shrines above a big stone.Text is a thing.This mountain right side is correlating the shrine and land. The form of this highest mountain side is curve as a bridge. Tanah awful Lot is famous with its beautiful sunset. Usually, people can vacant see a sunset at 05.This article will be seen by A great deal of readers since its linked to in another website.

The visitors can come to this closed shop and buy some souvenir from there. The exact location of Tanah Lot is not far from Kuta.It premier jus needs about 30 up to 40 several minutes by using a car. Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Cultural public Park is one of tourist ojects in Bali.Typically, people best can observe a sunset in 05.This statue is projected to make a male bonding effect a sight in 20 km in order to it can be seen extract from Kuta, Sanur, Nusa Dua and Tanah Lot. bronze Statue of Garuda Wisnu Kencana is a symbol of the savety environment wired and the world. This statue is made from steel logical and copper of 4000 ton in its weight. It has 75 metres in its altitude logical and 60 metres in its width.Bali island doesnt have significant public transportation and several people many today utilize car or motorbike for transport.

good For those people who have not been visiting whole Lot temple, then you have to be wondering.Moreover, theres a Hindu temple in the center of woods.Its among those important true vertical temples in Bali.The software is free for chorus both private and industrial usage.

The service provides an easy-to-understand layout.Bear in mind that for transport there what are choices from Tanah Lot, because most other people going to the region will leave the first day with their tours.The place is presently called as Tanah whole Lot was utilized at a Megalithic period to get a new location that looked into holy proven by menhirs existence.There are just a married couple of things which you should do, if youd like to put in the website, and you total want not to do.

A trip to tuan Tanah Lot for sunset is among the most frequent tours.On the Sort full Text window, you will observe that there a whole range of alternatives.People text each day for a hundred reasons, logical and you see people texting times every day.Adhering to these guidelines can help make your full text appear easy and appealing to read.