Critical thinking art paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical thinking art paper - Essay Example Such depiction was evident by the use of multimedia that added to the value of the entire art entertainment. Truly, it is evident that the conceptual basis for such entertainment was the modern time that allows almost everyone in all walks of life to relate with. Therefore, the artwork in the event significantly involved computer technology. By being able to use multimedia presentations synchronizing the actors’ performance on stage, the entire show elaborated a truly new form of entertainment that was remarkably aligned with the modern times. It showcased an art that the new generation today with highly advanced technology can eventually appreciate. As already stated, the use of multimedia was enticing viewers to appreciate the whole theatrical event that is truly different from the classical one. Therefore the use of technology alone was a fundamental component of the Blue Man Group Universal that allowed it to be differentiated from the other theatrical and artistic performers. This eventually created a word of mouth, and as a result, many people were encouraged to experience the live artistic performance of the Blue Man Group Universal. Although the presentation of the Blue Man Group Universal still have important elements like those in any other classical theatrical event, what differentiated it from the rest was the level of interaction it tried to create with its target audience. The artistic performance was eventually designed in such a way that people in different walks of life can relate, both young and old. The interaction was able to create appreciation of the advantage of using technology in order to enhance or refine the presentation of the artistic design. Computer arts was remarkable in the presentation, prior to appealing to human emotion by triggering laughter and awe-inspiring creativity that was made possible via the employment of multimedia presentation. In this case, the use of

Non-Art in Popular Culture Essay Example for Free

Non-Art in Popular Culture Essay When discussing art in popular culture there are very few boundaries to adhere to. Almost any form of media can be considered as art. But not all works are good examples of art and there are several determining factors that help to decide on the artistic quality of a piece. This essay will discuss in response to the above quote the identifiable characteristics of what could be considered art in contemporary pop culture. It will deconstruct the some of the most prominent types of art in popular culture including street art, music video and advertisements or commercial art. And under which circumstances are they considered to be art whether this is the intention of the piece, or the creative process that surrounds it or simply the aesthetic values that it holds. It will also discuss if works produced solely for commercial propaganda are still considered art. And if the artistic values of the work are influenced on the environment in which it resides. These three determining factors will help distinguish between art and non art in contemporary pop culture. Art in popular culture varies widely in a range of creative forms and media. Popular culture or ‘pop’ culture has a heavy influence on much of the works that are created by artists today. (Gibbons, 2005, p. 1) These include all forms of street and public art including graffiti and stencil art that often make statements on pop culture. And also in a more formal environment including galleries and art museums where there is a large array of contemporary works which reflect on these elements of consumerism. There are numerous well recognised artists that have concentrated much of their practice on consumerism and culture. Andy Warhol, is a founder in bringing consumerism to the high art scene in the 1960’s (Livingstone 1992), something that had not being done before. A more recent take on this concept is Takashi Murakami and the art movement ‘Super Flat’ which concentrates on Japanese pop culture and particularly anime and manga. (n. a 2009 Superflat art) Art is not only influenced by popular culture but it makes up a large part of influential media for popular culture. This form of art can be recognised directly in advertising, music, music videos, cartoons and any other form of media that creatively puts forth a message, more often that not for commercial propaganda. This is not always the case but this lower form of more accessible art is completely open to the public because it is not hemmed in by the confines or laws of the gallery system or the museum. (Stowers 1997) And it quite often forced into peoples lives, by occurring in a public space society are forced into viewing these creative works that promote popular culture through advertisements billboards television radio and generally in any public space just as they are exposed to graffiti art and vandalism. More often than not the environment in which the artwork resides in impacts the values that people give the piece but this is not the only thing that should be considered when depicting the piece as several factors impact the merit of the work. These can include the creative process involved, the purpose of the work and the aesthetic values of the final piece. (Johnstone 2006) The creative process that is involved in creating an art piece may have huge effects on the final outcome. In some cases it’s the process that is the work, in others cases it can be just important in developing the meanings and values behind the work and also some pieces may not be understood fully until the intentional processes are understood. The creative process has being described in four steps these are Preparation, Incubation, Illumination and Implementation. (Charlie, 2008) Going through this four step process is not always occur consciously but has an impact on the outcomes. (Konradsson 1999) Pieces that do not have a creative intention or process behind them can be severely limited in creative outcome and therefore have limited merit as art. In this case it severely relies on the aesthetic values that other people then place on the work. And if it has little appeal in terms of colour, line, balance, rhythm and other principles and elements and no creative meaning then is generally not considered to be art. The purpose of the work can also impact the process of how a piece is created. Depending on whether it is for commercial use or purely artistic intentions there can be a lengthy design process which is very calculated in terms of design. The final impact the work is strongly controlled through the elements and principles of design. This is generally used in commercial art such as illustration, graphic design, and advertising and communication media. All these forms of creative work hold artistic value but are not necessarily considered art to the general public as it is not presented as art but takes on a different primary form, advertising. (Gibbons 2005) This is a similar concept as street art or graffiti as it generally seen as a form of vandalism and can be considered as an eyesore. Though people are more likely to see graffiti for its artistic values and intentions as it dose not generally hold the same connotation as advertising. The reasons and values for why one might engage in graffiti art are as varied as the artists who produce it. A chief reason is the â€Å"prospect of fame and recognition of ones artistic talent. Graffiti is also a form of self expression. The art as writing is a creative method of communicating with other writers and the general public. † (Stowers 1997) What it communicates is the artists identity, expression, and ideas like all other art forms but is forced into the public eye unlike art in a gallery. Graffiti is fast becoming popular as a preferred art form of many contemporary artists and hold the same fundamental artistic intentions as any other art form. As art we see in galleries have purely the intentions of being art we are more likely to consider that it is art. (Hester 2007) And we find some way of connecting to it via feeling and aesthetic value or the appreciation of the process. The placement of a piece in relation to its surroundings also impacts on the effect it has for example seeing an advertising piece in a gallery we would assume it to be art and created to make a statement about advertising. Where as if it were to be place on a billboard we would consider the primary reason is the promotion of a particular product. It is very difficult to define what art is exactly. According to many artistic directors and critics there is not one single definition of art. Art historian Robert Rosenblum believes that the idea of defining art is so  remote [today] that he doesnt think anyone would dare to do it. (Witcombe n. d)And that more or less anything can be considered as art. † (Witcombe n. d) Goldmans aesthetic theory (2005, 345) is of use to clarify the problem of location and presentation in relation to graffiti art. Goldman ( 2005, 346) claims that ‘art takes us to other worlds in a manner that is quite fulfilling sensually and aesthetically’ The are many determining factors that help us see the artistic values in works how we as individuals read and interpret these through out the work is a matter of pure personal opinion. Some personal factors that establish our opinions on creative works are our knowledge and understanding of art or a piece in particular, likes and dislikes and how we relate to the piece. This combined with the values of the piece that include; the process, the intention, the environment in which it is placed and the visual aesthetic values of the work determine how we personally consider the impact of the work. Many people consider art as something appealing to the eye or ear but much of contemporary art is not like this and a greater understanding of the work is needed to gain an insight to the values is holds. (n. a. 2009) For most people when art becomes hard or impossible to understand right away we tend to question its merit. This is particularly the case for graffiti as some may argue (Stowers 1997) even when it is in a gallery environment it is too hard to understand, though this should not be a determining factor to deciding whether is considered art as many art work considers deeper intrinsic values. Most of the opposition to graffiti art is due to ‘its location and bold, unexpected, and unconventional presentation,’ (Stowers 1997) but its presentation and often illegal location does not necessarily disqualify it as art either. The major determining factor is the creative value â€Å"the ability to produce complicated pieces is what separates the tagger from the graffiti artist; graffitist for short. Taggers scribble and graffitists do art. † (Stowers 1997) So as we can see there are many different forms of art in contemporary pop culture including those that are influenced by pop culture and those that influence pop culture. These can be all forms of Digital Media, advertising, illustration and music as well as art we see in galleries and street art. Not all have the primary purpose of being art but all hold artistic and creative values that can be seen through the process the intention the aesthetic qualities and the surrounding of the work. Some seem to have the primary purpose of being only art while others are created for commercial propaganda. While the pieces that are generally considered art by the public, have a better aesthetic quality and are initially easier to understand there can not be any set connotations as to what it to be determined as art or non art. And that it is purely what importance, feelings and values the individual viewing the work sees. Reference List Charlie, 2008. Demystifying the Creative Process http://www. productiveflourishing. com/demystifying-the-creative-process/ (accessed 28/04/2010) Gibbons,J. 2005 Art and Advertising. P. 1-12 New York: I. B Tauris co Ltd Goldman, A. 2005. Aesthetic Qualities and Aesthetic Value . in Aesthetics critical concept in philosophy J. O Young, p. 345-349 Oxon: Routledge. Hester, N 2007. Low and High: What is Art Anyhow  http://www.monstersandcritics.com/

The American Experience :: essays research papers fc

The Bomb: â€Å"The hydrogen bomb can’t be done, or if it can be done, it will take too long, or if it can be done and doesn’t take too long, it will require too large a fraction of the nation’s scientific manpower, or if it doesn’t require too large a fraction of the nation’s labor force, it will be too massive to deliver, or if it is deliverable, we oughtn’t to make it.† The ideas had existed since the early 1900’s; the research started in the 1930’s, and by 1938 nuclear fission had been demonstrated experimentally. The possibility that nuclear fission could be used to create weapons of mass destruction was almost immediately evident to scientists. In August of 1939 Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt recommending that the United States begin research on the development of nuclear weapons. Thus, at the height of World War II, President Roosevelt launched a crash program to design and build the atomic bomb. The Soviet Union at the time was struggling economically because of the war and â€Å"physics was not yet a matter of great interest to the powers-that-be.† After witnessing the devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in July of 1945 the priorities of Soviet government changed significantly. Faced with this new atomic threat, Stalin instigated a drastic acceleration of nuclear research with the aim to b uild a bomb of his own. Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich was appointed to lead the Soviet atomic bomb project, and two years later, a second theoretical group was created to â€Å"verif[y] and improve calculations made by Zeldovich’s group.† The second group consisted of Andrei Sakharov, Semyon Belenki, Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, and Yuri Romanov and was led by Igor Tamm. After two months of â€Å"lick[ing] Zeldovich’s anus† Tamm’s group took a turn in a new direction: Sakharov’s â€Å"first idea.† Sakharov’s design was completely different from the â€Å"dead end† that Zeldovich’s team was struggling with. Surprisingly, it is very similar to Edward Teller’s 1947 â€Å"Alarm Clock† design even though Sakharov had had no connections with the West and had come up with his design, which he called the â€Å"Layer Cake,† completely independently of Teller. Stalin maintained a limited amount of trust in the Soviet scientists, and as a form of insurance, when the Soviet Union had obtained documents describing the US design for the atomic bomb he gave orders to build it â€Å"as early as possible.† Scientists at the Installation soon received detailed descriptions of the US bomb, â€Å"Fat Man† and began building it immediately.

Comparing Death of a Salesman and Fences

When it comes to comparing and contrasting two different cultures and morals the differences can be night and day. In Death Of A Salesman and Fences, these stories follow two middle-class families around the same time period (late 1940-1950’s), who are both facing problems within their own household’s. From marital issues to failing father/son relationships, both of these stories paint a picture to the audience of what life in an urban family living in that time setting was like through the author’s eyes.And even yet with all the things between these two plays that make them alike, there are also many things that make them very different. In Fences we follow Troy Maxon, an ex baseball player and hard headed â€Å"family man† who takes pride in providing for his family with his job as a garbage man. Along side him is his wife, Rose Maxon, a â€Å"tell it like it is† type of woman who cares for her family and wants nothing more than to keep it togethe r. Their teenage son, Cory Maxon, a high school football player with college bound dreams and the talent to take him there.And then there is Lyons, Troy's son from a previous relationship, and a talented jazz musician who has a hard time finding a source of income. In Death Of A Salesman we follow Willy Lowman, a troubled traveling salesman who wants nothing more than to see himself and his family succeed in the â€Å"American Dream†. His wife Linda Lowman, a loving woman with a big heart, who would do anything to keep her husband and her sons happy. And their two sons Happy and Biff.Happy being a sex crazy ladies man working in a department store, while Biff is an unemployed ex high school football star who turned to a life of stealing after failing high school and not graduating. Both Troy and Willy have two sons and even their children are alike in ways, both Biff and Corey played/play football and both were/are very good at it, but biff lost his ambition soon after high s chool though his father wished he would have done better with himself. while Corey tried to use his talent at football to take himself places but Troy selfishly stood in his way.Willy's son Happy constantly stands in biff's shadow while Lyons is Troy's son from a different mother who never saw Troy through his childhood due to Troy being in jail, unlike Corey, so its almost as if he stands in Corey's shadow as well though Troy nor Rose treats him any differently. Unlike Willy and Linda, who seem to put more attention towards Biff than Happy. So it seems that the boys all have similarities between them but the way they are treated by their mother and father are where the differences lay.In Death Of A Salesman Willy treats his wife Linda, as though he does not appreciate her. He talks to her disrespectfully and even ignores her on occasion, and even though he does this blatantly she still stands by his side and acts as his support. In Fences Troy treats his wife Rose with a certain am ount of respect but when he does step out of line Rose is not the one to take it. A perfect example of this would be the fact that both men had found a way to have an extramarital affair, and both for validations reasons. Linda chose to ignore the fact that Willy was having an affair.By ignoring what was happening, Linda did not have to admit to herself what was going on, and saved herself some difficult choices. Linda was not strong enough to make those choices. When Rose found out that Troy had been unfaithful she chose to leave him. And even through it all she still chose to take care of the child he had with another woman, because in her eyes Troy was guilty, and not the child. This shows how strong Rose is in comparison to Linda. Both Death Of A Salesman and Fences were very dramatic plays that touched on many subjects that people even today can relate to.From infidelity, to fighting, to lost friendships/relationships and even death. both stories left the audiences with somethi ng to think about in their own personal lives and both stories made sure to create a character everyone could relate to in some way. there are common themes that run throughout both stories. Among these are two, hard working men that can be a bit disillusioned by life. The main characters of each story may be similar in many ways but both authors made it a point to highlight the differences between them and the differences between the stories themselves.

African and Native American Slavery Essay

The 1500’s, a time of discovery, was when the Europeans came to dominate most of the New World. The Europeans traveled to Africa and captured Africans to help develop their land and satisfy their need for power. I feel that the treatment of the Indians and Africans by the Europeans was completely unjustifiable. While the Indians and Africans were less technologically advanced and the Europeans were uneducated, in this particular field, nothing can compensate for the actions of the Europeans. As Europeans began to settle new lands they began their exploration of the foreign worlds. What they found was the opposite of what they expected. They found what they thought was a new breed of humans. In reality they were just Native Americans. These Indians were less technologically advanced than the Europeans. They also worshipped different and multiple gods and ate different foods. Europeans saw this as barbaric, so they treated them as barbarians. In the beginning Native Americans hadn’t the faintest idea of what the Europeans had in mind when they said trade. They figured that when the White Man came and showed all that hospitality they meant it. Of course, they didn’t, the Europeans captured the Indians to be used as slaves. They were also slaughtered and raped because of resistance to leave their land. If any Indians refused to leave their land they would be killed. The women were raped for sick and disgusting reasons. Europeans didn’t feel that the women, or men for that matter, were worth anything as humans so they were beat and raped without any thought about what they might be doing. As we watched the movie Roots, I noticed a part in the movie where they were on a ship and a man brings in a black woman, who was a slave. The man offered her to the ship’s captain and referred to her as a belly warmer. That got me to thinking what could be going on in that man’s head as he said that. When I heard that I was shocked that a man could treat someone like that. People have feelings and cannot be treated as objects. Maybe the Europeans didn’ t realize that these people were, in fact people, and that drove them to this awful conclusion that they could treat people this way. As Europeans settled their land and began to build houses, farms and plantations, they realized that they needed servants to assist them in their farming. So people would travel to Africa capture blacks and then sell them to merchants and plantation owners. They would then beat them and put them to long, grueling work. They would treat them as they did the Indians, and for much the same reason. They figured that since the blacks were black and appeared to be less advanced then they must be less significant. People of the next generation whose parents owned slaves and grew up thinking slaves were okay is understandable. I just don’t feel that anything could justify treating the slaves they way they did. they had absolutely no respect for them. They would savagely beat them to get them to work harder than humanly possible and they would rape the women. I don’t think that I will ever know how any one could do such a thing. I conclusion I strongly feel that the way Europeans treated people that were less technologically advanced is completely and utterly wrong. It is difficult to contemplate what was going on in their heads as they were capturing them, killing them and even raping them. I can not believe how they could think that the color of someone’s ones skin or religious beliefs could make them less human. I am glad I live in a country based on the belief that all men are created equal.

The Role of Communication in Team Dynamics Essays

The Role of Communication in Team Dynamics Essays The Role of Communication in Team Dynamics Essay The Role of Communication in Team Dynamics Essay One of the most critical, if not the most critical aspect of team dynamics is communication. Effective or ineffective communication can lead to a team being extremely efficient and successful, or inefficient and a terrible failure. â€Å"Ineffective communication can be a source of discontent in a team† (Newson, 2006). The purpose of team communication is to enhance team performance; therefore, it is each team member’s responsibility to ensure effective communication. Communication is an observable aspect of coordination, and insights into observable behaviors which predict high or low performances can be gained by team communication analysis† (Hutchins et al. 1999). Four crucial elements teams must possess to communicate effectively are a willingness to have open authentic discussions, active listening, willingness to confront conflicts, and understanding. There are several factors a team has to consider when creating the environment for o pen authentic discussions. One of the key factors is determining how each individual on the team communicates, and to access each individual team member’s strengths and weaknesses as it pertains to clearly expressing their views and opinions. Once this information is captured, then members will have a better understanding as to how to get all team members to participate in discussing key topics related to team goals. It is important that team members who are more expressive do not use this as an opportunity to dominate a more introverted team member. Clear objective conversations should be encouraged. Team members should present information in a very black and white manner (factual). Open discussions are a great way to get to know your team members. These discussions will reveal thing about your teammates that will help in your team’s communication process. So, encourage open discussions, this will lead to team trust. When team members are having discussions it is necessary that everyone is being an active listener. Team members should show an interest in the information being delivered by the speaker, before responding or reacting to anything that was said by the speaker. Team members should ask questions and/or summarize the information that was given to ensure understanding. Active listening can also be called sympathetic listening and it can be broken down into a four-step process. First, mimic the content. Second, rephrase the content. Third, reflect feelings, i. e. , understand the other persons feelings as well as your own. Fourth, empathize, rephrase the content and reflect feelings (Christol, 2008). The goal here is to try to understand the person’s thoughts and feelings to gain a better understanding. Asking questions such as â€Å"Let me make sure I heard you correctly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"Let me make sure I have everything†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , is an excellent sign that someone is actively listening. In class discussions are a perferct example of listening actively. While the professor is speaking the student is having constent conversation with the professor to ensure their understanding. Active listening can be taught and is a skill that needs to be practiced and incorporated into our daily communication. Being able to confront conflict within a team is also key to communication. There will not always be harmony within teams. Sometimes when things are not made clear, conflict shows it’s ugly head. A team charter is an example to how to make things clear within a team, which should address specifics about exactly what to expect from team members in order to achieve the team’s overall goals (University of Phoenix, 2008). There will be times where team members will have to agree to disagree in order to resolve conflicts. Remember, a team consists of three or more people and each person is unique in their own way. Therefore, it’s not a matter of if conflict will happen, it’s a matter of when will conflict happen in my team. No one likes to confront conflict by nature; however, we need to know how to confront it whenever it arises. Honesty is a great approach when confronting conflict. Team members will have a greater respect for you if you can approach them with honesty. This ties back to having those open authentic discussions. Although being open and honest may step on some toes, ultimately, it’s worth it in order to resolve the conflict. If things can’t be resolved among team members, it is ok to involve a mediator such as a faculty member, but beware. Faculty members will revert to your team charter to determine what your team agreed upon as it pertains to conflict resolutions. Be sure your charter is very specific. There will be instances that will be unavoidable and uncontrollable when dealing with teams. We are human beings and life happens whether we want it to or not. Our children get sick, our cars break down, and family members pass away. These are just a few of the things we need to have some level of understanding when it comes to teams. Once again, here is where the charter will play a role. There needs to be a revision in the charter that pertains to what if a team member is not able to participate on an assignment due to an emergency? How will this be addressed as a team? If the team has built a solid relationship, it will not be difficult for the members to step up in the absence of another member. However it is critical that the team member who is experiencing the emergency contact the other team members the moment it is known that he or she will not be able to deliver or perform the task the other team members expect them to have. If this is done, this will allow the other team members to make whatever adjustments they need to their schedules to manage the unexpected added responsibility. Life happens, but with effective communication there is no challenge that cannot be managed. In conclusion, according to Jim Temme and Jeanine Katzel (1995, 14), involvement must truly be auspicious. Team members need to hear each other’s suggestions and act on them when needed. To participate authentically means all ideas are ok and good ones are rewarded with positive feedback. When team members criticize each other’s ideas causes them to keep things to themselves. Team intimacy is achieved when there is open communication and no fear of making comments. Keeping in mind the authentic discussions, active listening, willingness to confront conflict and understanding are the keys to effective communication within teams. References Christol, T. (2008, May). Active Listening vs. Effective Listening. Tactical Response, 6(3), 60-62,65. Retrieved July 22, 2008, from ProQuest Central database. (Document ID: 1489166611). Newson, P. (2006, December). Participate effectively as a team member. Nursing Residential Care, 8(12), 541-544. Retrieved July 22, 2008, from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database. Temme, J. , Katzel, J. (Jan 9, 1995). Calling a team a team doesnt mean that it is: successful teamwork must be a way of life. Plant Engineering, 49, n1. p. 112(2). Retrieved July 22, 2008, from General OneFile via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS University of Phoenix. (2008). Week Two overview. Retrieved July 22, 2008, from University of Phoenix, Week Two, rEsource. GEN300- Managing Learning Team Conflict.

ORAL PRESENATION essays

ORAL PRESENATION essays The name of my case is Walski vs. Tiesenga. This case had taken place in the supreme court of Illinois in 1978. This case was about a thyroid operation that went wrong, which resulted in the paralyzing of the plaintiff vocal chord. The defendant operated to remove the plaintiff thyroid, and the nerve which runs through the thyroid may have been damaged, which resulted in loss of voice. This case was tried in a trial court and then directed to an intermediate appellate court where the issue was the defendant instead of locating the nerve, made a wide cut so as to avoid the area where the nerve was thought to be. In a result the plaintiff nerve was cut and vocal chords are paralyzed. The holding in the trial court was a direct verdict for the defendant and the appellate court affirmed the trial courts decision. The courts reasoning was based on the plaintiff had the burden of establishing that the defendant doctors were guilty of malpractice, but she failed, however to introduce evidence of the standard of care to which the defendants were bound to adhere. The Plaintiff expert Dr. Berger testified only concerning his own personal preference for isolating the nerve under the facts presented to him in the hypothetical question. He at no time testified that there was a generally accepted medical standard of care or skill that required the identification of the nerve under the circumstances. I agree with the courts decision because this case falls under the medical practitioner liability, which to prove medical negligence a plaintiff must prove standard of card and the plaintiff had failed to do so. ...

Joseph Urban, From Palm Beach to New York City

Joseph Urban, From Palm Beach to New York City Trained as an architect, Joseph Urban may be best known today for his elaborate theater designs. In 1912 he moved to the United States from Austria to create sets for the Boston Opera Company. By 1917, as a naturalized US citizen, he had shifted his attentions to New York and the Metropolitan Opera. Urban went on to become scenic designer for the Ziegfeld Follies. The extravagant theatricality of his scenic designs made Urban a perfect fit to create some of the opulent architecture in Palm Beach, Florida before Americas Great Depression. Born: May 26, 1872, Vienna, Austria Died: July 10, 1933, New York City Full Name: Carl Maria Georg Joseph Urban Education: 1892: Akademie der bildenden KÃ ¼nste (Academy of Fine Arts), Vienna Selected Projects: 1904: Austrian Pavilion, St. Louis Worlds Fair (received Gold Medal)1904-1914: Set designs throughout Europe1911-1914: Boston Opera Company, set designs1917-1933: Metropolitan Opera of New York, set designs1926: Bath and Tennis Club, Palm Beach, Florida1927: Mar-A-Lago, Palm Beach, Florida, with Marion Sims Wyeth (1889-1982)1927: Paramount Theatre, Palm Beach, Florida1927: Ziegfeld Theatre, New York City (demolished in 1966)1928: Bedell Department Store, 19 West 34th Street, New York City1928: International Magazine Building (Hearst Building), New York City, with George B. Post- 78 years later, in 2006, Norman Fosters Tower was built on top (view photo)1930: New School for Social Research, New York City Art and Architecture Together: Joseph Urban designed interiors like an architect, incorporating skyscraper-like setbacks and Classical Greek columns into theatrical scenic designs. For Urban, art and architecture were two pencils with one point. This total work of art is called Gesamtkunstwerk, and its long been a working philosophy throughout central Europe. In the 18th Century, Bavarian stucco master Dominikus Zimmermann created Wieskirche as a total work of art; German architect Walter Gropius combined the Arts with Crafts in his Bauhaus School curriculum; and Joseph Urban turned theatre architecture inside out. Early Influences: Otto WagnerAdolf Loos Making Connections: Actress Marion Davies was a Ziegfeld girl while Urban, too, worked on sets for Florenz Ziegfeld. Davies also was the mistress of the powerful publisher, William Randolph Hearst. Its been widely reported that Davies introduced Hearst to Urban, who then designed the monumental International Magazine Building. Why is Urban Important? Urbans importance lay in his virtually unprecedented use of color, his introduction to American theater of many of the techniques and principles of the New Stagecraft, and his architectural sensibility at a time when most stage designers came from a background or training in visual art.- Professor Arnold Aronson, Columbia University Some of his buildings, like the New School for Social Research on West 12th Street in Manhattan, are good enough to be considered critical early works of modernism in America. Many others, like his extravagant house in Palm Beach for Marjorie Merriwether Post, Mar-a-Lago, if not as important theoretically, are spectacular visual triumphs....To look at Urbans work today is to be awed at the ease with which he worked in all kinds of styles, from the Vienna Secession of his early years to the International Style modernism and monumental classicism of his final years.- Paul Goldberger, 1987 Learn More: International Magazine BuildingJoseph Urban by John Loring, Abrams Publisher, 2010Joseph Urban: Architecture, Theatre, Opera, Film by Randolph Carter, Abbeville Press, 1992 Sources: Joseph Urban entry by Paul Louis Bentel, The Dictionary of Art, Vol. 31, Jane Turner, ed., Grove Macmillan, 1996, pp. 702-703; Architect of Dreams: The Theatrical Vision of Joseph Urban by Arnold Aronson, Columbia University, 2000; Joseph Urban Stage Design Models Documents Stabilization Access Project, Columbia University; Private Clubs, Palm Beach and Architects of the Boom Bust, Historical Society of Palm Beach County; At the Cooper-Hewitt, Designs of Joseph Urban by Paul Goldberger, The New York Times, December 20, 1987; Hearst Magazine Building Designation Report by Janet Adams, Landmarks Preservation Commission, (PDF) [accessed May 16, 2015]

Financial Compensation and Ethical Issues In Healthcare Essay

Financial Compensation and Ethical Issues In Healthcare - Essay Example The goal of these restructurings was in the provision of access to high quality and effective health care to all individuals. This goal has however faced challenges from market-driven forces that characterize the healthcare system. Such factors include the reduction in costs, reduced utilization of resources and maximization of revenues. The result has been in the mismanaged care. The American Nurses Association in 1995 released a document that highlighted the ethical issues in healthcare. These issues included lack of coordinated care, misuse of financial incentives and decrease in the number of registered nurses. The association also noted a decline in the American healthcare system in a document published in 1996.Some ethical practices which the associations highlighted include the lack of full disclosure, gag rules and compensation plans that rewarded the withholding of nursing services. The healthcare workforce in the American labor market has grown tremendously in the last ten years. This large workforce is now faced with the market-driven forces that seem beyond their control. These forces threaten the closure of some hospitals and retrenchment of workers. The resulting job insecurity brings forth fear of job changes, losses and increased hiring of unlicensed health personnel. The decrease in demand for registered nurses results in reduced and inequitable financial compensation available for them. Financial compensation, ethical issues, and health care delivery systems are related to resource allocation. Application of ethical methods of resource allocation is, as a result, vital. The utilitarian ethical theory and the moral principles of justice are theories that seek to establish the best fit between the scarce resources and financial compensation. The utilitarian theory advocates for the greatest good, for the greatest number. This approach contrasts the existing situation in the U.S. Despite the healthcare workforce constituting

The Road to the Business of Chiquita Brands International Case Study

The Road to the Business of Chiquita Brands International - Case Study Example This research will begin with the statement that the 21st century has been a period of globalization in which business organizations have developed new strategies to venture in new market environments. The international business environment is characterized by many challenges and organizations have to be prepared to meet the international business standards to meet the demands of this business niche. For Chiquita Brand’s International, the road to the international business market has between rough and challenging. When Chiquita landed in Ghana, the company blossomed and found this to be a new opportunity to increase its business revenue. In fact, the organization managed to make tens of millions in profit from its Columbia banana plantations. However, the company was faced by the terrorist culture that had developed controlled the banana industry for long. When the Guerrilla war in Columbia begun, Chiquita was forced to adopt new tactics of survival in this market. When the R evolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia started a war in Columbia, the Chiquita legal officer took the initiative to pay the counter-FARC, the AUC, to protect the organization against attack. It is this initiative that made Chiquita face the US legal system that regarded AUC as terrorist body. The company was accused of collaborating with terrorist an act that was against the US legal system. The organization had to negotiate its way out this problem. Chiquita International negotiated from this legal lawsuit by pleading guilty of collaborating with the terrorist. In 2007, the organization entered a plea agreement in which the organization accepted to have been involved in financial dealings with terrorist groups. This strategy of negotiation of the Chiquita had a lot of value. All organizations that are found guilty of collaborating with terrorist attacks are fined double its income in compliance with the legal policy. However, Chiquita was allowed to a penalty relief for having admit ted to the crime before investigation. This step also was a great advantage to Chiquita’s council advisor, Mr Olson, who would have received a life sentence if the case had attained its climax. Another legal charge was raised against Chiquita in 2007 when the company was accused of poor worker environments. In Columbia, employees were subjects of hard labor, risky work conditions and long working hours. In 1996, Chiquita had provided $20 million to standardize its work environment in all its branches in the Latin America. At that time, the company had employed over 30,000 workers in 7 different countries. When the organization was accused of neglecting corporate responsibility, it filed a lawsuit against these allegations and was paid a multimillion settlement by the Cincinnati Enquirer newspaper for reputation damage. The ability of the organization to develop a standard work environment formed its strength in corporate responsibility. Chiquita placed value in its communicat ion strategy as part of the development of good customer relation in a culturally diverse population. Gerbe points out to the value of communication intercultural communication in the international market. Chiquita communication strategy is depicted in its core values. The organization puts value in open, straightforward, respectful and transparent communication.

BHE 415 - Community and Domestic Violence (Module 1-SLP) Essay

BHE 415 - Community and Domestic Violence (Module 1-SLP) - Essay Example Violence may affect anyone, including us and our loved ones. With an increasingly violent society, how can we have peace of mind? How are we sure that the next victims are not us or our family members? The reasons for violence are multifold. There are some theories which say that violence is genetic. Each of us has our own biologic make-up, or a set of genes that we inherit from our parents. Some studies have pointed out that children born to violent parents have the tendency to become violent later on. This was viewed as a result to hormonal imbalances, such as serotonin, testosterone and low blood sugar levels. Some factors like poor nutrition, head injury, exposure to toxic waste and chemicals can also make a person to be prone to create violence. (Wilson, 1985) The next factor is psychological. A person grows through time not only physically and mentally but also psychologically. If a person was abused during his childhood, may it be physically or sexually; if there is deprivation of love, care and physical needs, if a person has been denied of his right to education, then that person is prone to violence. Drug abuse is also a contributing factor. Many crimes have been committed by people taking illegal drugs or alcohol. (Monahan, 1992) As a result, violence not only the health and welfare of individuals—it also affects communities. It affects families by weakening their bond and creating chaos among the family members. Violence also affects people psychologically; the feeling of fear, insecurity, inadequacy and helplessness are enough to make a person become psychologically deranged. Abused people may have low self esteem, anxiety and depression. These people are prone to post traumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideations. (Elliot, 1994) The direct effects of domestic violence are devastating. It leads to low birth weight disabled infants who have the risk of dying. Injured children who are

Discuss how they establish ethos in their writing Essay

Discuss how they establish ethos in their writing - Essay Example Robert Kennedy came from a long line of Kennedys who were well thought of and established in the world. Robert had a background in politics stemming from an appointment as a United States Attorney General to a nominee for the president of the United States. Most people will recognize him as a Senator who was assassinated before he was able to make his bid for president. He grew up in what was called a "competitive" family that was very close. (Robert F. Kennedy "Biography"). He was known for battling injustice and organizing people to do move forward on a variety if issues including the Vietnam War, organized crime, and he worked closely to help black Americans find a peaceful place in the world. He was also known for his ability to talk to people without barriers. When Martin Luther King died it was Kennedy that was able to hold people together. Both John Kennedy and Robert Kennedy were proponents of civil rights and they worked well within many communities, particularly with blacks and other disenfranchised persons (Robert F. Kennedy "Biography"). This is the information that creates ethos for Robert Kennedy and what lead to his speech in front of a mostly black crowd in Indianapolis. He was well respected by most people in the black community and this was one of the reasons that he was one of the only white men who could have addressed the crowd that day. He was also qualified to speak about Martin Luther King because he believed in what Martin stood for and had been actively helping with civil rights. Kennedy was a strong orator and he understood what to say to people to get them to do what he was asking. On that night, he also used his compassion and his emotions to give people what they needed in order to move them forward. Another reason this worked for him was because his speech was very much like a speech that Dr. King would have made: Kennedy had already established himself as a writer, orator and statesman so he was already established as an

Comparing Income Statements From Different Industries Essay

Comparing Income Statements From Different Industries - Essay Example erent companies include different factors in their income statements, but on a general node there is basic information and format expressing company’s financial status for a particular business year. There are three major sections of an income statement, one describing incomes, second is cost of goods (expenses) and third projecting depreciations, taxes and interests. Here is a view of income statements taken from four different companies which operate in four different sectors: For the fiscal year 2010-2011, Ford Motors Company progressed to quite a great extent from the year 2009-2010. The income statement projected that the company had 17% gross profit margin out of the total revenue at the end of the business year 2011. Even having intensive liabilities, the company generated more profits with respect to the previous fiscal year (Ford Motor Company, 2012). With 514 stores operating in five different States, Winn-Dixie at the end of year 2010-2011 projected gross profit margin $28.9 million which was unexpectedly less than the fiscal year 2010. The gross profit margin of the company for 2011 was 27 % of the total revenue slightly less than the year 2010, which showed natural sales decrease within entire market segment. For the fiscal year 2010-2011, Johnson and Johnson a leading pharmaceutical company showed potential revenue and profit margins. The company projected net profit margins of 15% with gross profits of 64 % of the total revenue in its annual income statement 2011 (Bloomberg, 2012). According to company’s annual report 2011, Lenovo group expresses the gross profit margin 11% of total revenue. It is one of the leading companies in the technology sector which generates conventional profits in the technology market segment (Buffett & Clark, 2008). By comparing the income statements of all four companies, it can be said that companies differ to a great extent in respect of product and services they offer. An automobile company is totally

Discuss how they establish ethos in their writing Essay

Discuss how they establish ethos in their writing - Essay Example Robert Kennedy came from a long line of Kennedys who were well thought of and established in the world. Robert had a background in politics stemming from an appointment as a United States Attorney General to a nominee for the president of the United States. Most people will recognize him as a Senator who was assassinated before he was able to make his bid for president. He grew up in what was called a "competitive" family that was very close. (Robert F. Kennedy "Biography"). He was known for battling injustice and organizing people to do move forward on a variety if issues including the Vietnam War, organized crime, and he worked closely to help black Americans find a peaceful place in the world. He was also known for his ability to talk to people without barriers. When Martin Luther King died it was Kennedy that was able to hold people together. Both John Kennedy and Robert Kennedy were proponents of civil rights and they worked well within many communities, particularly with blacks and other disenfranchised persons (Robert F. Kennedy "Biography"). This is the information that creates ethos for Robert Kennedy and what lead to his speech in front of a mostly black crowd in Indianapolis. He was well respected by most people in the black community and this was one of the reasons that he was one of the only white men who could have addressed the crowd that day. He was also qualified to speak about Martin Luther King because he believed in what Martin stood for and had been actively helping with civil rights. Kennedy was a strong orator and he understood what to say to people to get them to do what he was asking. On that night, he also used his compassion and his emotions to give people what they needed in order to move them forward. Another reason this worked for him was because his speech was very much like a speech that Dr. King would have made: Kennedy had already established himself as a writer, orator and statesman so he was already established as an

Module 4 Case Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Module 4 Case Assignment - Coursework Example e products of the company include basic food products as well as premium services like cooking recipes, labels and cooking lessons to the target and potential customer groups of the company. The outputs of the Whole Foods Market can be measured in terms of the revenues, goods and services, community impacts, job creation, shareholder value creation and service or policy outcomes. In this respect, the company shows high levels of efficiency and congruence. Additionally, the performances and the behaviors of the different departments, teams and business units of the company seem to be much effective in terms of maintaining standard, compliance and congruency. The main goals of the Whole Foods Market Company are to provide high quality and standard organic food to the target customer group in the market. Additionally, the quality of the food products marketed and sold by Whole Foods Market and the high level of social responsibility shown by the company add to the effectiveness of the company at the organizational level or topmost level of evaluation as per the Nadler and Tushman’s Congruence model. The main goal of Whole Food Markets as a leading organization in its industry of operation is to perform in a competitive, consistent and sustainable manner so that it can maintain its financial profitability and strong brand reputation in the markets of operation he outputs of the company seem to be sufficient in satisfying the corporate and strategic objectives set in the company. The Whole Foods Market is one of the leading organic food retailers and supermarkets in the world. The main mission of eh company is to promote the strength s of the organization and its individual entities by ensuring the delivery of high quality of products and services. Also, the company aspires to enhance the business to become the leading food retailer in the community as measured from the perspective of corporate social responsibility. The Whole Food Market is ranked 12th in the social

Geography of Time Essay Example for Free

Geography of Time Essay The sixth chapter â€Å"Where is Life Faster† discusses differences between life tempos in different cultures trying to reveal in what culture life is the fastest. The author writes that it is very interesting for him to compare one culture to another because a lot of unknown facts contributing development of psychological studies will be identified. Authors’ comparison focuses on time and speed of life. Cultural tempo is argued to affect the quality of human life. Nevertheless, it may be tricky to compare different cultures because labeling individuals should have scientific or psychological basis. It is necessary to go beyond the boundaries in order to measure the tempo of life with accuracy and objectivity. The author finds it interesting to compare indicator of speed in working office in different countries. However, the research has failed as the author needed to find observable jobs and workers should be residents of particular country. Research at gas station has failed as well, because such businesses are not equivalent across countries. According to author’s research, the fastest countries are Japan and Western European countries. Western Europe has nine fastest countries and Japan is the only Asian countries with life tempo. The fist place in West Europe is given to Switzerland, whereas the second is given to Ireland. Ireland is characterized by the fastest walking speed, whereas Switzerland is characterized by the splendid findings. Surprisingly, New York hasn’t gained the highest scores as some workers in office move very slowly. In contrast, the slowest speed of life is observed in non-industrialized countries and it is the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. The slowest is claimed to be Brazil, Indonesia and Mexico. Daily life in these countries is very slow and Brazilians, for example, â€Å"not only expected the casual approach of life, but had abandoned any semblance to of fidelity to the clock†. (p. 136) In such a way the author shows that there are many ways to measure speed of life and the results shows that different cultures has their own life tempo. Further, the author compares Japan, the USA and Western Europe to identify which of the countries is La Dolce Vita. Much of European countries are characterized by opportunities to relax and in the pleasures of good life. Therefore, Levine suggests that La dolce Vita is easier for Europeans rather than for Asians and Africans. For example, Japanese work harder and have less time for relaxing. Europeans are claimed to live better than Americans. La Dolce Vita is welcomed in Italy as they try to balance hard work and leisure. It is necessary to underline that working week is longer in the USA than in most of European countries. However, Japan is characterized by the longest working week. For more than half a century the working week hasn’t been changed and it is argued that time for leisure is decreasing in the country and the nation has less time for themselves. In contrast, in Europe the tendency to work has been replaced by the tendency to relax. For example, without leisure workers in France are more irritating and nervous. Therefore, Western Europeans have more vacation time. For example, in France â€Å"workers by law receive at least five weeks and often six weeks of paid vacation†. (p. 143) When comparing countries examples of cultural differences are seen the most. However, speed of life varies across cities and regions of one country. It is true for the USA as well as the country is very large and each state has its own traditions and customs. The slightest geographical shifts are profound and for example, moving from Oklahoma to Texas is viewed as â€Å"entering France, say, out of Switzerland†. (p. 146) The author is willing to reveal whether there are differences between New York and other large cities. Research results demonstrate that Northeastern United States is viewed as fast-spaced, whereas Californians are more relaxed. Boston and New York are the fastest cities in the country, whereas Los-Angeles is claimed to be one of the slowest in the country. One of the biggest challenges was to measure accurately walking speed as in some regions it was hard to find any walkers at all.

Desertification In Sub Sahara Africa Environmental Sciences Essay

Desertification In Sub Sahara Africa Environmental Sciences Essay Without a doubt, Planet Earth is just the right place for humanity to dwell in. Planet Earth is deteriorating due to the issues and problems cause by humanity and natural disasters. Earth faces many problems daily and the effects are immense toward humanity. Some parts of earth are worse than others due to the irresponsibility of population. Sub-Sahara Africa suffers from many problems like soil erosion, deforestation, and desertification but Sub-Sahara Africas main issue is desertification. Many regions in Sub-Sahara Africa face massive effects of desertification. In Sub-Sahara Africa the society is changing due to desertification and the effects it has on society and furthermore desertification is slowly growing and it is a main problem in Africa due to the African tropical weather and the carelessness of the peoples work toward the land. Sub-Sahara Africa is one of the main places where desertification is occurring due to the overuse of land and irresponsibility of the population. Using land without superior knowledge and good understanding people cause the land to deteriorates. There are many causes of land desertification in Sub-Sahara Africa and many of them are natural causes. One of the natural causes that root the land to deteriorate is soil erosion. Soil erosion is when the topsoil is remove or taken away faster than the forming of soil can take place (Welcome to the European Soil Portal). Soil erosion happens all around the world in each year. When soil erosion happens, the good soils are washed away leaving only the bad, hard soil left for farmers to farm, so without the thin soil layer, barley anything could grow in it. Soil erosion will take a short time to destroy excellent soils where good soils take extremely long time to make. In Ethiopia about one million tons of top soil is lost every year where ther e are soil erosions (William Von Cotthern). The second natural cause of land desertification is draught; and draught is one of the main causes of desertification in Africa. Every year there are draughts. The Sudano-Sahel region, for instance, has experienced unpredictable and severe drought, the most recent of which lasted almost 20 years (Lilian Ahianga). Drought could last a very long time and when it lasts that long, the society will be in danger. Over 25 countries in the continent have faced shortage of food over a decade ago due to the long lasting of drought (Lilian Ahianga). Without rain for a very lengthy time, land could be tough to farm and afterward the land will be unusable for anything. Draught affects a massive amount of dry lands and with several droughts each year, dry land degradation increases. Factors like the growth of human and animal population could also cause desertification (Lilian Ahianga). Land desertifications not only are they being caused by natural disasters but are also being degrades by humanity. The over using of land is one of the many ways where humanity could cause land degradation. Farmers and workers and using land over and over again without letting the land rest and grow back. Farmers not allowing grass and land to grow back after animal grazed on them. Animals keep on grazing on them until they turn brown or red and are no longer able to grow. Colonial scientists blame the African farmers and herders as the cause of the spread of desertification (Gregory Maddox). They overgrazed of land and burn down forest for savannah. The second problem is that there are too many people for one small place. There are too many people living on one small place where things are being used every day over and over again, leaving the land no time to grow. Trees and resources do not have enough time to actually grow back. Once they are cut, and are regenerating, animals would come and eat them. The main reason is that there are more people who cut down trees than those who plant them. The populations are cutting down trees faster than trees are able to grow. People did not allow the cut trees to grow back instead they let the animals graze on them. About 30,000 kilometer square per year of trees is cut down (Aldo Bonincontro). Destroying trees increases the growth of desertification in Africa. Desertification in Africa causes many problems for the population (Jorn Laxen). In Sub-Sahara Africa, desertification plays a big role in the populations poverty. Many people, not only in Africa, have been affected by Desertification. Desertification has many effects on the world today, especially in Africa itself. There are many effects cause by desertification, such as: deaths, diseases and poverties. Thousands of people die due to starvation. Starvation is the negative outcome of desertification of land which leads to deaths. Besides people dying every month. Death in Sub-Sahara Africa leads to the deaths of an estimated 3 million people in the mid-1980s (P.C Sinha). The affects of desertification could cause deaths to countless people. Degraded lands are no longer able to provide crops, food for animals, and even firewood for burning. Poverty is also a main reason why there is poverty in Africa. Million of people could have insufficient of food because of the declining of crops yield. The result is that Sub-Sahara Africa is the only region in the world where food production is stagnating, and hunger is on the rise (Jan Baert). Hunger and poverty is rising due to the slow and little production of crops. Desertification causes farming to slow down and produce little amount of resources. Since there is little of crops and resources, the economy then will raise the prices of items such as rice because they are scarce. This will greatly affect the lower class people (Lilian Ahranga). For every problem and issue, there are preventions and solution. Desertification must be stopped and governments and organizations have been stepping in to help out. Many methods had already been done to help land degradation; methods such as redressing of vegetation cover and controlling soil erosion. The problem appears to be a lack of knowledge and probably also the economic constraints that prevent the optimum utilization of these valuable resources (Jorn Laxen). One the best way to prevent desertification is simply education. The government and organization should give some sort of education the population, especially farmers. Teaching them how to farm and to use the land properly in the right way where land will not be destroyed; is one of the main prevention of land degradation. The second way to prevent land degradation is to protect the environmental resources that are available to them. If they use it carelessly and destroyed them completely, they will have a hard time grow ing back, and besides it will take them a lengthy time to grow. Adopt sustainable land-use policies and sustainable management of water resources (P.C Sinha). Being able to maintain the soil fertility properly is also helpful. In 2005 the World Bank and NEPAD launched the TerrAfrica by mobilizing coalitions, knowledge and raising money for Africa (Jan Baert). Alan Paton, the author of Cry, the Beloved Country, used desertification as an influence to write Cry, the Beloved Country. The author chooses to use desertification as one of the main problem to why people moved from countryside to the city. In chapter one of Cry, the beloved Country, Paton compared the good land with the degraded land. Where you stand the grass is rich and matted, you cannot see the soil. But the rich green hills break downà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ for they grow red and bared; they cannot hold the rain and mist, and the streams are dry in the kloofs.Too many cattle feed upon the grass, and too many fires have burned it (33). The book started out talking about the problem of the land as a symbolism that it will effects on the characters in the book. All the young men and strong girls left the place to go to the city to look for work because the land could give them nothing. The men are away, the young men and the girls are away. The soil cannot keep them any more (34). Boys a nd girls left the place because of the degraded land. And because of the movements from country side to the city, the city could not hold all of them. That was one of the problems in the society that time, there were more people in the city than the country side. Most of them have to live on the streets. And that is why there were so many black miners in the city. In chapter 30 the land is still in devastation. There were no rains for the land and for farming. Paton stated, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the soil is sick almost beyond healingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they cannot plough or plant, and there will be hunger in this valley (253). The degraded land dreadfully effects the society. It seems like it is impossible to recover to its standard form. If the land can not be healed, the society as well can not be healed. As long as the land stays the way they are now, the society can not move on. Things will never stay the same as they are if hard works are putted in. In chapter 32 there was hope at last for the land and for the society there, rain finally came. But it was this for which all men were waiting, the rain at last (277). Rain finally came, and there was hope. Hope could only be there if the people actually know how to farm and take care of the land. Desertification happens due to the natural causes like soil erosion and draught, but mostly due to the cause by humanity. Desertification can be prevented if educations and learning are spread to the population. Teach the population how to farm and how to carefully use the resources is the first step to preventing land degradation. The society will be in a better shape and healthier conditions if the environments are clean and well taken cared of. Take care of the environments and in return the environments will take care of you. Citations: AfricaNews Africa: Desertification Threatens Livelihoods Articles. AfricaNews.com Sharing Views on Africa. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . Aluanga, Lilian. AFRICA: Humanitarian Disaster Feared As Desertification Spreads. Online-Lab | International Institute for Journalism | InWent. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . Bonincontro, Aldo. Desertification in Africa by Aldo Bonincontro Helium. Helium Where Knowledge Rules. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . Mabogurije, Akin L. The Environmental Challenges In Sub Saharan Africa. MIT. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . Maddox, Gregory. Sub-Saharan Africa: an Environmental Google Books. Web.22 .2011. . Laxen, Jorn. Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands in Sub-Saharan Africa. European Tropical Forest Research Network. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . Sinha, P.c.Desertification.GoogleBooks.Web.22Feb.2011. /books?id=jZb2Qq9cEz0Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=P.C Sinhahl=en ei=FY5jTanPDYG8ceDn4dwJsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3 ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepageqf=false>. Sub-Saharan Africa News (SciDev.Net) | DESERTIFICATION. DESERTIFICATION | All about Drought, Desertification and Poverty in the Drylands. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. .

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Dividend News for 2013 When the budget deal was agreed upon for the beginning of the year, this included rates on dividends. Qualified dividends, including capital gains, for individuals in the 25%, 28%, 33%, and 35% income tax brackets will continue to be taxed at 15%. Individuals making more than $400,000 in taxable income or couples making more than $450,000 will see their rate rise to 20%. Individuals in the 10% and 15% brackets as before will have a zero tax rate. Charles Farrell, chief executive of Northstar Investment Advisors LLC had stated that these tax rates for this year were pretty consistent. If they had been higher, investors probably would have been favoring non-income producing assets. Although, taxes on dividends will continue to rise for individuals making incomes above $200,000 or families making income above $250,000 due to the new Medicare tax (Ruffenach, 2013). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 increased tax rates in 2013 for upper bracket taxpayers by 3.8% (Eyde n, 2013). This 3.8% tax applies to net investment returns which covers capital gains, interest, certain annuities, and dividends. So, many families will pay around 18.8% which includes 15% plus 3.8%, plus state taxes. For others who are the high wage earners will pay tax on dividends around 23.8% which includes 20% plus 3.8%. About 80% of companies in the S&P 500 pay dividends. Some of these companies include Exxon, IBM, Apple, Chevron, and Procter & Gamble (Ruffenach, 2013). Dividends are crucial to long term returns. Looking back on the past 100 years, dividends accounted for about 50% of an investor’s total return. The other 50% is from price appreciation or capital gains. If an investor were to cut dividends out of their por... ... 2013). The Bottom Line The dividend tax rate discussion continues to be an argument in board rooms, think tanks, and in Washington (Flannelly, 2013). There has been much controversy whether or not dividends and capital gains should receive preferential tax treatment. The rates of taxation on dividends and capital gains have always been progressive, perhaps for the fairness of the overall economy (Eyden, 2013). As an individual investor, it does not matter what dividend tax rates are, because attractive returns can be realized. Although there is some clarity to the short term future of dividend tax rates, it will be a surety that this will change sometime down the road. With a discussion about the history, the news, the theory, and data about dividend tax rates, this can help with some uncertainty and insight of dividend taxes (Flannelly, 2013).

According to Paul Cezanne Essay

Paul Cezanne’s paintings are regarded today as being of considerable importance to the development of modern art. Cezanne’s use of colour as tone and his heavy interest in the formal elements of composition paved the way for artists following on from him to question what they were perceiving and their ability to visually represent what they saw through painting. This essay will be examining the influence that Paul Cezanne had on Cubism and how this elevated the picture into an autonomous object rather than a mere representation of nature. The French Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cezanne, although heavily ignored by the mainstream art sphere centered within Paris, had a considerable impact on Cubism as he laid out the fundamental ideas from which the cubists would create their works. One of the main key points that was central to the cubists was faceting, this reduction of form within the external world and transforming them to geometrical facets, ‘Nature should be treated as cylinders, spheres and cones.’. See more: Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essay Cezanne’s manner of depicting reality with inaccuracy and multiple viewpoints divorced itself from the laws of perceptive construction and allowed him to interpret what he saw in a subjective way, he wasn’t interested in merely imitating what he saw onto the canvas but rather to re-think the conventions which restrict traditional painting. A clear departure from traditional painting as a representational phenomenon has taken place, it’s no longer mimetic of nature or reality but rather holds its own reality within itself and painting and art in general is made autonomous through Cezanne’s unique approach. Where other painters saw transient effects of light Cezanne had the ability to perceive geometric structures and thus from his search for underlying structure of composition came Cubism and then Abstraction. In the impressionist movement, and other predecessors to cubism and post-impressionism, artists weren’t concerned in dealing with matters of inner meaning within their paintings, they were simply responding to what they saw which in turn gave little for the viewer to think about. It is here that we see Cezanne’s more conceptual manner of depicting reality by breaking things into obscure shapes and abstracted form, he projects his inner emotion and consciousness onto the canvas to represent a state of mind, ‘The painter’s idea cannot be conceived apart from the means he uses, for it is meaningful only so far as it is embodied in those means, and the deeper his idea the more complete they must be. I am unable to distinguish between my feelings for life and my way of transposing it. A painting must carry all its meanings within itself, and impose it on the viewer before he identifies the subject matter.’. This parallel of representing nature and self by use of facets and high-keyed colour (colour as a subjective device) is something that’s echoed throughout the works of the cubists, specifically the initial stages of this movement. It seems from this point onwards the painting has become a picture object, it’s removed from the shallow confines of our perception and begins to contribute to reality by adding other aspects and elements, ‘ He was, in fact, the first Post-Impressionist to make, as did the Pointillists and eventually the cubists, as structural analysis of nature, producing an art of the mind concerned with emotional apprehension of formal qualities in mountains, women or onions and totally unconcerned with the evanescent effects of light, shade and atmosphere.’ . This manner of painting had seeped into the consciousness of Pablo Picasso and George Braque, although they had obviously added their own elements to form their own individual styles Ceza nne had laid out the basis from which the cubists could build upon. Although Cubism can be categorised into three key phases: Analytical, Hermetic and Synthetic, it is all somewhat representational of reality. Pushed and stretched to its very limits reality has been distorted and forms are no longer instantly apparent, the viewer must project apart of themselves in order to make sense of what is happening within the painting. From the painters view the cubists applied an aspect of analysis in their paintings by which forms became increasingly fragmented, this way of depicting objects, landscapes and people was similar to Cezanne’s work in the way he represented nature. He was looking beyond the mere surface and impressions which met his gaze and focussed on the inner structures that made up things around him, this of course implies careful consideration and a process of analysis. This is something which resonated with Picasso’s work and contributed to his painting Demoiselles d’ Avingon 1908, ‘He took his cue in this partly from Cezanne’s efforts to fashion a way of painting that would lay bare – or at least open up for exploration by the viewer – the complex process of pictorial representation’. Upon looking at the works of Picasso’s Demoiselles d’ Avingon 1908 and even George Braque’s Houses at L’Estaque 1908, we can indicate a clear influence that is derived from Cezanne’s style of this alignment of nature and the artist. In Braque’s painting we note a visible colour palette which has been simplified and the use of structure that has been used in order to re-create nature, all of which is comparable to Cezanne’s painting Mont Sainte-Victoire 1902-04. However, Braque has accentuated certain elements resulting in a more systematic , clean and simplified style, ‘Yet unlike Cezanne, Braque pushes the juxtaposition of different perspectives to the point of contradiction, and underscores it with a quite arbitrary distribution of light and shade; rooflines fail to meet walls, spaces and solids are elided, buildings are stacked up against one another like playing cards, and in the absence of a horizon the landscape is compress ed into the space of a low relief.’. (FOOTNOTE: Movements in Modern Art Cubism, David Cottington, pg. 22)We notice a clear direction towards further abstraction in terms of form and colour and as cubism progresses these abstractions are further emphasised until reality is barely visible and only signals and indications of things are implied to the viewer. In addition, Picasso’s painting held similar elements of Cezanne’s style and although his painting Demoiselles d’ Avingnon is regarded as more of a proto-cubist artwork in a way it planted the seeds of his style which would later blossom and carry the cubist movement. He is still referencing Cezanne in terms of geometric shapes, limited colours, the fusions between negative and positive shapes and also the arbitrary use of light as he sees fit. Moving away from Demoiselles d’ Avingnon and focussing on Cottage and Trees (La Rue-des-Bois) 1908, again we see a direct correlation in terms of style to Cezanne’s and even Braque’s painting Houses at L’Estaque, in terms of subject matter it’s quite similar; fragmented shapes are used to signify a landscape with houses and contorted trees, however this use of shapes is further abstracted from that of Cezanne’s and Braque’s and again we see the use of colour being completely redundant in terms of imitating the world. The painting has become a complex of invented forms, singular viewpoints, accurate proportions and visual representation are no longer necessary, ‘Picasso independently emphasises each elemnt – volume, line, plane, light and shade – even at the expense of compositional unity. The effect is to maximise the dynamic effect of the painting.’. The emancipation of pictorial elements of line and colour elevated the painting to the picture object, as these elements no longer needed to be used objectively to depict the reality in which we are all submitted to, rather the artists can form the basis of a painting from reality and meet it halfway through his use of representing the internal reality which he is mentally experiencing. Cezanne used a process of analysis and reflection in creating his work which then influenced the cubists to constitute their own individual reality and project it onto the canvas. The result being fragmented geometric shapes which accentuate certain elements of figures, subjective and limited use of colour and an overall less naturalistic representation of what is directly being observed, this in turn helped painters like the cubists to re think what they were painting and also to think of what painting in general could be.

Critical Evaluation of Assessment Practice in Enterprise Education

In this twenty-four hours and age, there is a demand for pupils to derive entrepreneurial accomplishments which may assist them run into work force and economic demands. This demand has been documented by several research workers. The function of the pupil has changed over the old ages from independency and ego sufficiency to interdependence. This alteration is seting larning establishments under force per unit area to bring forth alumnuss who have non merely the cognition, but besides the accomplishments needed in designation of chances, understanding market forces, commercializing new merchandises and recommending for them. This means that there is a turning demand for establishments to make assessment patterns that will assist their pupils be successful in this extremely competitory universe. This critical paper focuses on appraisal pattern in endeavor instruction. Many bookmans have written articles and documents about the demand to hold deeper appraisal pattern research to assistance in the creative activity of appraisal schemes that are pupil oriented and which are up to the needed criterions. The paper entitled â€Å" Assessment Practice in Enterprise Education † is authored by Dr. Luke Pittaway[ 1 ]. It analyses the present arguments about assessment pattern in Higher Education. The paper gives some in depth information about educational research on appraisal in instruction and to what extent this research impacts on entrepreneurship instruction. The attack of the article is based on researching several results and foregrounding the functions they play in assisting in the comprehension for the assorted grounds why people engage in endeavor instruction. Thereafter, the paper applies the different results to assessment pattern. This application of results is done by describing a figure of focal point groups. The terminal consequences based on different focal point groups are presented harmonizing to results in different possible entrepreneurships and little concerns. The followers is a critical rating of the paper. Article Summary Pittaway identified different research subjects in the country of endeavor instruction. The writer looked at systematic literature reappraisal to place these subjects. Some of the subjects that the writer found to rule this country are: Factors impacting the leaning of pupils to go enterprisers Changes in pupil efficaciousness brought approximately by instruction Institutional policies and Teaching method The writer criticized the systematic literature reappraisal of non giving much attending to the issue of assessment pattern in endeavor instruction. Harmonizing to him, â€Å" coded commendation informations developed inductively from abstracts did non foreground the topic as of major concern to the research community † . He goes on to state that the research done on endeavor instruction focuses excessively much on the design and execution of plans instead than assessment pattern efficaciousness. However, every bit much as the writer recognizes the restrictions of these research outcomes, he besides admits that there is barely any research that has been done on the country of assessment pattern in assorted entrepreneurship diaries. Harmonizing to him, this could be the ground why current research on appraisal standards on endeavor instruction has really small to offer. Pittaway argues that this inadvertence is unfortunate since he sees assessment as being really of import in academic pattern. He says that appraisal determines the quality of higher instruction instruction and acquisition. He agrees with those who say that decently designed appraisal tools make aid do clear outlooks. He besides says that they are of import in the constitution of sensible work load and creative activity of chances for pupils to supervise themselves, pattern, rehearse and acquire feedback. Harmonizing to Pittaway, the UK authorities bureaus such as the Quality confidence Agency and the Higher Education Academy, that are responsible for guaranting that instruction quality is maintained, usually put a batch of accent of assessment pattern. They usually focus on appraisal pattern so as to guarantee that rating is effectual. Concentrating on appraisal pattern besides enables the bureaus to protect educational criterions. They besides use it as a agency of larning every bit good as pupil feedback. Pittaway observes that although appraisal pattern is enormously of import, it has been abandoned in many learning establishments and it is taught as a topic in endeavor instruction. He addresses this inadvertence by measuring assorted statements and positions given in research on several assessment patterns. He besides gives some of the established entrepreneurial results in endeavor related instruction. The results that he focuses on are those that have been developed by the UK National Council for Graduate Entrepreneurship. At the terminal of the paper, Pittaway draws together some of the classs of appraisal and explains how they can be used to better endeavor instruction. Cardinal Subjects: Arguments and Discussions Pittaway states that as a topic, appraisal is rather wide and it includes several signifiers of assessment pattern in higher instruction. He lists these assessment pattern signifiers as: Institutional appraisal Teacher appraisal Student appraisal He focuses on pupil appraisal, which he says has elicited concern chiefly due to increasing force per unit area from academic bureaus and authorities organic structures which are looking to act upon, enhance and step public presentation of establishments. However, he considers assessment pattern as a really of import facet of educational pattern for its built-in function in measuring the nexus between the existent accomplishment of pupils and the desired or expected educational results. He goes on to state that the nexus between appraisal and educational results is really near. He says that the system of appraisal used has the possible to drive pupil behaviour and in the long tally, affect their learning experience. Pittaway focuses on arguments and statements which revolve around political and educational concerns. One of these educational concerns is based on how assessment patterns impact on the acquisition procedure. This concern seeks to understand how and to what extent appraisal can be able to assist larning to happen. Many establishments in the state have put in topographic point appraisal methods that have a clear alliance with expected larning results every bit good as the cognition and accomplishments that pupils are taught. Pittaway sees the deficiency of a clear alliance between larning results, larning chances and appropriate appraisal patterns as a major job ( Pittaway, 7 ) . He says that this alliance has non been every bit good thought through as it should be. Another job that Pittaway points out in the bing appraisal undertakings is the deficiency of a deep procedure. He says that the bing appraisal patterns encourage surface acquisition at the disbursal of deep acquisition which usually has the possible to enable a pupil addition entrepreneurial accomplishments that he can utilize subsequently in life. He says that â€Å" many of our appraisal processes encourage surface larning directing pupils to play the system instead than promoting deep acquisition † . Principles for Effective Assessment Practice Pittaway gives the undermentioned rules for efficient appraisal pattern in enterprise instruction: The appraisal pattern should be dependable, valid and consistent The sum of appraisal should be appropriate The intent or ground for appraisal should be clearly defined the standards used in appraisal should be expressed, apprehensible and transparent all signifiers of appraisal tools need to be based on proper apprehension of pupil acquisition procedures appraisal must suit the differences exhibited by single pupils appraisal patterns should give room for pupils to have feedback appraisal must enable pupil and instructors to reflect on their acquisition and pattern eventually, the appraisal method used in an establishment needs to be an built-in portion of class design Reliability, value and consistency are some of the qualities that any academic appraisal plan should hold. The assessment pattern should be dependable in that it should be applicable to broad scope of class countries. A valuable appraisal pattern means that it is able to heighten the entrepreneurial capablenesss of scholars. The assessment undertaking demands to be appropriate to a scholar ‘s environment. The endeavor appraisal should be related to what the pupil has learnt in his entrepreneurial instruction and it should besides reflect the sort of entrepreneurial patterns that are used in a certain part. Many pedagogues do non clearly specify their appraisal intents. This is what leads to equivocal appraisals which end up non assisting the pupils at all. To avoid such a state of affairs, there is demand to clearly specify larning results in entrepreneurship assessment patterns. Educators need to believe profoundly about the appraisal tools to utilize in endeavor instruction. This will do apprehension of assessment standards really easy and apprehensible. When pedagogues understand the pupil ‘s acquisition procedures, so it is besides easy to make assessment patterns that are value added. In planing efficient appraisal patterns, there is need to understand a pupil ‘s alone demands. There is no point in planing appraisal plans which do non reflect the demands of each and every pupil. When the single demands of scholars are considered in the design of appraisal in entrepreneurial instruction and appraisal, so assessment efficiency is possible. An efficient appraisal pattern should give a pupil the chance to have feedback. Feedback is of import as it enables the pupil to personally estimate how good he understands constructs and how efficaciously he can use the accomplishments that he has been taught. Feedback should be given in a manner that encourages betterment in larning results. Contemplation is an of import facet of effectual acquisition. In planing entrepreneurial appraisal patterns and schemes, pedagogues need to believe about making them in away that will advance contemplation. When pupils and their instructors reflect on their acquisition patterns, they are likely to appreciate their acquisition results and better their entrepreneurial accomplishments. Including practical and good thought out assessment scheme in the overall class design is really of import. It ensures that the appraisal method and standards used is in line with the needed acquisition criterions. The thought that assessment patterns need to be wholesome is a welcome one. It is high clip that pedagogues recognized the importance of effectual appraisal in making a coevals of entrepreneurial persons. They should therefore think truly carefully about the appraisal patterns that will convey out the best int inheritor pupils in footings of entrepreneurial capablenesss. Teachers and other instruction policy shapers should non work in isolation with pupils and other stakeholders when planing appraisal schemes that are applicable to a broad scope of classs. Pittaway says that given the diverseness and possible complexness of endeavor instruction appraisal pattern, there is demand for more consideration for the topic from a pattern and research position. He goes on to state that pedagogues need to believe more carefully about the jobs and issues that are usually associated with appraisal. These issues include the intended acquisition results in entrepreneurial surveies every bit good as how this can be linked together in planing effectual educational designs ( 18 ) . This is a strong point that Pittaway makes. Educators need to germinate from theory appraisal to skill based appraisal in entrepreneurial appraisals. They should believe deeply about the consequences they intend to see after learning entrepreneurial accomplishments to their pupils before they create any assessment tools. When they are certain about the intended acquisition results, they can so plan effectual appraisal undertakings that are pupil oriented. Although this is the ideal appraisal pattern, it is non as easy to accomplish as Pittaway points out ( p. 18 ) . The writer says that diverseness in itself has brought many other appraisal jobs, particularly those that are associated with effectual appraisal pattern. He says that the topic has non been dwelt with earnestly and in adequate deepness by research workers, and hence, pedagogues can non accomplish what they want. Pittaway besides observes that although there is a high rate of deficiency of advanced appraisal, the deficiency of advanced bringing is really minimum. Pittaway besides focuses on the philosophical diverseness sing the function of assessment pattern in endeavor instruction. This he says is demonstrated in literature and endeavor pedagogues ‘ end product. He says that there are considerations in the presentation of endeavor instruction appraisal patterns. He says that formative appraisal enables pupils to place their countries of failing and helps in bettering acquisition. Summational appraisal is usually used to measure where or how far the pupils have come in footings of their public presentation. Pittaway observes that there exists some sort of tenseness between these two sorts of assessment positions. He points out that research workers usually place more with summational methods of appraisal. These methods are usually entrenched in many educational establishments where external accreditation systems and diagnostic signifiers are common. However, he says that although these tensenesss are a world, they can be resolved by uniting elements of the two positions of endeavor appraisal patterns ( 18 ) . He goes farther to indicate out another signifier of tenseness in educational doctrine circles: cold perceiver vs. societal perceiver appraisal. In the past few old ages, ego and peer appraisal in higher instruction has grown in popularity ( 19 ) . This makes it possible for those people who are themselves prosecuting in larning to measure the sort of acquisition that has already occurred. However, Pittaway argues that the difference in the cold perceiver and societal perceiver appraisal methods is really minimum and it should non impact really much on larning results. Pittaway besides addresses the issue of entrepreneurial larning results in footings of how pedagogues understand the relevancy of endeavor instruction and appraisal. He says that pedagogues need to understand how enterprising people and entreprenuers learn so as to be able to do appropirate determinations sing the â€Å" signifiers of instruction activity that can advance such acquisition † ( p.9 ) . He besides looks at how entrepreneurial acquisition research can offer insight on how best to travel about the creative activity of effectual appraisal schemes. He says that research based on endeavor larning gives pedagogues a opportunity to place those larning results that are desired in educational activities. He lists a figure of characteristics of entrepreneurial acquisition that he gets from assorted research workers ‘ work: the acquisition should be action oriented enterprisers learn through experience enterprisers learn through contemplation and making they usually learn through experimenting, copying, chance pickings, doing errors and job resolution. Pittaway besides highlights the different countries which pedagogues can utilize to make enterprise instruction and appraisal that impacts on larning. He goes on to state that these countries have the ability to impact alterations in empathy, behaviour, motives, values, competences, ability to pull off relationships and venture creative activity cognition ( p.10 ) . By foregrounding these eight countries of alteration, Pittaway shows the complexness that comes with enter instruction appraisal. Supporting Theories Although there has been a spurred addition in the development of entrepreneurship instruction, there has been minimum research done to analyze pupil larning results and their impact on scholars ‘ attitudes, calling ends and professional competences[ 2 ]. Duval-Coutil, Reed-Rhoads and Haghighi ( 2010 ) portion Pittaway ‘s sentiments when they province that enterprice appraisal has been enormously ignored as a topic. Another research worker, Shartrand ( 2008 ) says that entrepreneurial appraisal plans are: â€Å" Case surveies turn toing the procedure of deriving administrative blessing and pupil involvement, depicting content cognition that is covered, pedagogical attacks utilised, challenges of execution, and, in some instances, appraisal programs † ( p.8 ) Many grounds have been given for the deficiency of valid appraisal instrument certifications and informations. The chief ground is that the call to include entrepreneurship into mainstream academic plans is comparatively new in many learning establishments ( Shartrand and Weilerstein, 2008 ) . There are barriers that may do execution of assessment pattern in endeavor instruction excessively hard. One of these obstructions is based on the world that there may be need for interdisciplinary coaction, a move that may non be excessively popular among faculty members ( Yorke, 1998 ) . Another obstruction has to make with deficiency of consistence in assorted academic plans ( Duval-Couetil, Reed-Rhoads and Haghighi, 2010 ) . This makes it difficult to make assessment schemes that are valid for a broad scope of academic contexts. Several surveies assess the complexness of assessment pattern in endeavor instruction. Falkang and Alberti ( 2000 ) looked at the different accents that has been put on entreneurship classs. They grouped the classs into two different classs: Those that focus on the account of entrepreneurship and its function in the economic system. Those that have an experiential disposition in developing pupils in accomplishments needed in entrepreneurship concerns In the first class of classs, pupils are far removed form the topic under treatment. However in the 2nd class, the classs usually highlight the different methods that are required in measuring acquisition in different environments. It can be said so that the first class of appraisal measures how effectual certain classs are in footings of satisfaction, pupil involvement, pedagogical attacks and cognition acquisition. The 2nd attack can be said to be more practical when viewed from an entrepreneurship appraisal point as it considers the development of new ventures, impact on economic system and professional results. Like Pittaway, research workers Duval-Coutil, Reed-Rhoads and Haghighi have besides categorized appraisal in entrepreneurship instruction. Their classs are ; class degree ratings, focused instrumental ratings and broader plan ratings[ 3 ]. Course flat ratings are those that measure the pupil ‘s reaction to a specific class. Focused instruments are those that seek to estimate certain facets related to entrepreneurship. Broader plan ratings are designed in a manner that they can measure a broad country of results such as economic impact, cognition, satisfaction and calling pick. To a great extent, Duval-Coutil, Reed-Rhoads and Haghighi ( 2010 ) are on understanding with Pittaway on the complexness of developing assessment patterns in entrepreneurial results. The research workers argue that the being of barriers in the bing academic system have made it about impossible for establishments to make assessment patterns that reflect the aims of multiple classs. Harmonizing to Shartrand and Weilerstein ( 2008 ) the appraisal aims for endeavor instruction should steer and promote affectional attacks to larning. The assessment pattern should besides mensurate the expected results in a dependable and valid manner. Entrepreneurial appraisal patterns should besides specify and protect academic criterions ( Palomba and Banta, 1999 ) . When the appraisal is seen to protect academic criterions, so it will non be met with every bit much contention at it soon attracts. Gibbs ( 2002 ) says that some of the jobs encountered in endeavor appraisal are ambiguity in the appraisal and several dissensions centered around the coveted acquisition results. Pittaway besides has a similar observation and he says that the pedagogues in endeavor demand to happen appropriate ways to heighten clear larning results, particularly at the phase of enterprise class development ( Pittaway, 8 ) . There are some assessment methods used soon in schools are usually student and accomplishment based. These sorts of appraisal schemes are suited for enterprise instruction as they are able to run into the demands of academic asperity ( Shartrand and Weilerstein, 2008 ) . It is true that the relationship between different appraisal patterns and acquisition and instruction quality has non been looked at really earnestly. However, stakeholders in establishments of higher larning need to recognize that appraisal demands and standards play a large function in finding pupil larning effectivity ( Falkang and Alberti, 2000 ) . There is demand to carefully design appraisal patterns in a manner that it impacts strongly on the quality of their instruction ( Heywood, 2009 ) . More research is needed in the country of appraisal patterns in endeavor instruction so as to make advanced appraisal schemes that are up to the needed criterions ( Palomba and Banta, 1999 ) . These advanced appraisal schemes for enterprise instruction should besides heighten pupil acquisition, which should be reflected in assessment results. When this topic is given the needed attending by research workers, it will be easy for pupils and instructors likewise to understand its importance in today ‘s extremely progressively entrepreneurial universe ( Falkang and Alberti, 2000 ) . Students and staff will be able to handle it as an built-in constituent of the larning procedure as opposed to handling it as a concluding adjunct to larning. This will enable the pedagogues to acknowledge and do usage of multiple appraisal tools which must be designed to heighten survey wonts that will finally add value to the pupil ‘s life ( Shartrand and Weilerstein, 2008 ) . The appraisal patterns that an establishment decides to utilize should offer a clear coherence between expected acquisition results, the cognition and accomplishments that are being assessed and what the pupils are really taught ( what they learn ) ( Duval-Couetil, Reed-Rhoads and Haghighi, 2010 ) . These assessment undertakings should non merely measure the capableness of scholars to remember some information that they were late taught, they should besides be designed in a manner that they can efficaciously measure the capacity of pupils to synthesise and analyse new constructs and information. Decision Pittaway ‘s article has focused much on the appraisal patterns used in enterprise instruction plans and how this country has been researched. Although appraisal is a really of import portion of endeavor instruction, there are really few establishments that have given much attending to the topic, as Pittaway points out. There seems to be deficiency of experience of making or acquiring alternate or different signifiers of appraisal to suit into a certain academic country. There is demand for more research into the country of appraisal patterns in endeavor instruction. This will assist in the coevals of advanced thoughts on how pedagogues in entrepreneurship can come up with assessment patterns that can supply a nexus between pupil accomplishment and general academic demands. Pittaway does depict the complexness and diverseness of assessment pattern tools and schemes that have been identified by some endeavor pedagogues. He concludes by stating that there should be more accent from a research and pattern position. This is the lone manner that he says establishments will be able to make assessment patterns that are relevant in this twenty-four hours and age. Good appraisal schemes are priceless to establishments and to pupils as good. For one, when a acquisition establishment has good established appraisal patterns, there is no danger of traveling off the grade when it comes to educational quality. Educators are able to keep the set criterions for educational quality while at the same clip developing entrepreneurial capacities in their pupils. This means that when a pupil learns in an establishment that has developed its appraisal patterns, there is a high likeliness that he will be a better enterpriser than a pupil who has non gone through the system. Pittaway has written down some of the rules that he says should be followed when making appraisal plans for enterprise instruction. He has given these rules as dependability, value, consistence, appropriateness transparence and clearly defined appraisal patterns. He goes on to indicate out that although these are the ideal rules for appraisal tools in endeavor instruction, non all pedagogues apply them all. There exists some conventional mean of appraisal that are non every bit effectual as they are supposed to be in this extremely entrepreneurial universe. Educators must see coming up with appropriate appraisal patterns that reflect the demands success in the universe today. The thought that assessment patterns need to be wholesome is a welcome one. It is high clip that pedagogues recognized the importance of effectual appraisal in making a coevals of entrepreneurial persons. They should therefore think truly carefully about the appraisal patterns that will convey out the best int inheritor pupils in footings of entrepreneurial capablenesss. Teachers and other instruction policy shapers should non work in isolation with pupils and other stakeholders when planing appraisal schemes that are applicable to a broad scope of classs. Given the diverseness and possible complexness of endeavor instruction appraisal pattern, there is demand for more consideration for the topic from a pattern and research position. This position is supported by both Pittaway and other educational research workers. Educators need to believe more carefully about the jobs and issues that are usually associated with assessment patterns in larning establishments. These issues include the intended acquisition results in entrepreneurial surveies every bit good as how this can be linked together in planing effectual educational designs. When these issues are resolved, assessment patterns will eventually give the consequences that are required in this twenty-four hours and age. Enterprise pedagogues need to be extremely advanced in the manner they design their appraisal tools so as to heighten acquisition and accomplishment deriving in their pupils. If the appraisal patterns that are used in most establishments of higher instruction are disused, so there is need to revise the system to guarantee that appraisal standard is in line with entrepreneurial demands. Educational research workers all agree on the fact that there is demand to aline larning results, assessment undertakings and larning chances to do endeavor instruction and appraisal every bit effectual as possible.